Coping styles

Cortisol maybe related to specific, or state-dependent features of the disorder, such as comorbid depression or the time course of the disorder. Mason et al. (2001) have underscored the importance of examining intrapsychic correlates of individual differences in cortisol levels in PTSD, and have hypothesized that cortisol levels in PTSD may be related to different levels of emotional arousal, and opposing antiarousal disengagement defense mechanisms or other coping styles. Further, Wang et al. have posited that adrenal activity may change... 

However, it appears that literature on adjustment or coping in chronic illness focuses mainly on coping in illness-specific situations. However, general coping styles may be more predictive for the psychosocial development of chronically ill children and teens than illness-related coping... 

The fear syndrome in this syndrome individuals are hypersensitive to events that signal threat or danger. This behavioural coping style is characterized by the desire to flee and escape the perceived dangers and threats and feelings of anxiety and fear. 

MALADAPTIVE COPING STYLES AND THE ROLE OF TEMPERAMENTAL FACTORS... 

The style of coping adopted depends to a large extent upon temperamental factors. Passive individuals are more likely to adopt a surrender or avoidance coping style, whereas aggressive individuals are more likely to use an... 

Work dysfunctions and their associated early maladaptive schemata and coping styles... 

Withdrawn individuals experience anxiety and avoid social situations at work such as groups or meetings, where they perceive their competence to be on trial . It is proposed that the underlying EMS for this avoidant coping style may be either social isolation/alienation or defectiveness/shame. Where... 

Individuals who adopt the surrender coping style yield to their EMS and let it control their behaviours. They do not try to fight (compensate) or avoid it but accept the schema as true, and act in ways which confirm it for them. They continue to re-enact the EMS in the same unadulterated form that they did in childhood, and relive as adults the childhood experiences that originally created it. For example, dependent employees are re-enacting their dependency/ incompetence EMS, and effectively behave in a way which is asking others to look after them and make their decisions for them. 

Individuals who adopt the overly loyal type of surrendering coping style may have the underlying enmeshment/undeveloped self EMS. As for those with subjugation, dependency and mistrust and abuse EMS, they are easy targets for unscrupulous manipulative and bullying individuals. 

Work dysfunction Underlying early maladaptive schema Coping style... 

Divisive individuals may have experienced inconsistent, unpredictable and interpersonally intense parenting, and possibly early childhood trauma or abuse. Because of their multiple EMS and unstable coping styles, it is proposed that these individuals are more suitable candidates for schema mode therapy, rather than standard schema therapy (see Chapter 14 for the criteria for using mode therapy). 

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