Behavioral effects salivation

Ketamine has indirect sympathomimetic activity. Ketamine s behavioral effects are distinct from those of other anesthetics. The ketamine-induced cataleptic state is accompanied by nystagmus with pupillary dilation, salivation, lacrimation, and spontaneous limb movements with increased overall mnscle tone. Although ketamine does not prodnce the classic anesthetic state, patients are amnestic and nnresponsive to painful stimuli. Ketamine produces profound analgesia, a distinct advantage over other parenteral anesthetics. 

The most frequent adverse effects are mild to moderate GI symptoms (nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea), urinary incontinence, dizziness, headache, syncope, bradycardia, muscle weakness, salivation, and sweating. Abrupt discontinuation can cause worsening of cognition and behavior in some patients. 

Under the Food Quality Protection Act (FQPA), the U.S. EPA evaluates the potential for people to be exposed to more than one pesticide at a time from a group of chemicals with an identified common mechanism of toxicity. As part of the examinations, to clarify whether some or all of the pyrethroids share a common mechanism of toxicity, a comparative FOB (functional observational battery) studies with 12 pyrethroids were carried out under standardized conditions [15]. The FOB was evaluated at peak effect time following oral administration of non-lethal doses of pyrethroids to rats using com oil as vehicle. Four principal components were observed in the FOB data [22], Two of these components described behaviors associated with CS syndrome (lower body temperature, excessive salivation, impaired mobility) and the others described behaviors associated with the T syndrome (elevated body temperature, tremor myoclonus). From the analysis, pyrethroids can be divided into two main groups (Type I T syndrome and Type II CS syndrome) and a third group (Mixed Type) that did not induce a clear typical response. Five other pyrethroids were also classified by an FOB study conducted in the same manner [16]. The results of these classifications are shown in Table 1. The FOB results for all non-cyano pyrethroids were classified as T syndrome, and the results of four ot-cyano pyrethroids were classified as CS syndrome however, three of the ot-cyano pyrethroids, esfenvalerate, cyphenothrin, and fenpropathrin, were classified as Mixed Type. 

The release of aroma compounds in the mouth during eating is primarily determined kinetically, rather than thermodynamically, because of the processes occurring when food is consumed. The model-mouth system was developed to study in vitro-like aroma release and considers the bolus volume, volume of the mouth, temperature, salivation, and mastication (van Ruth et al., 1994). Volatile compounds in the effluent of the model mouth are collected on porous polymers, such as Tenax TA. Alternatively, the effluent can be measured on-line by direct mass spectrometry techniques. The model mouth can be used to study the effects of food composition and structure on aroma release, as well as the influence of oral parameters related to eating behavior. 

Acute toxicity includes pupillary constriction, stimulation of GI tract (cramps, nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea [NVD]) and urinary tract (incontinence, urination), bronchoconstriction (wheezing, dyspnea), increased glandular secretions (sweating, salivation, lacrimation), bradycardia and hypotension, skeletal muscle fasciculations and then paralysis (e.g., respiratory muscles), and CNS effects (behavioral excitation, depression of cardiovascular [CV] and respiratory centers). 

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