Becker studies

Wiesen, E., I. Barnes, and K. H. Becker, Study of the OH-Initiated Degradation of the Aromatic Photooxidation Product 3,4-Dihy-droxy-3-hexene-2,5-dione, Environ. Sci. Technol., 29, 1380-1386... 

The posterior route involves transport across the lipophilic retina and the RPE. Posterior elimination appears to occur via passive diffusion for lipophilic compounds although active transport mechanisms also exist for some endogenous compounds and also for some drugs. Forbes and Becker studied the vitreous elimination of radio-labeled iodopyracet in rabbits and found that while 300 pg labeled with 1 pCi was cleared rapidly with a half-life of three hours, 1.4 mg (also labeled with 1 pCi) was eliminated with an apparent half-life of 17 hours. This increase in half-life, they speculated, was due to saturation of an active transport mechanism (78). Weiner et al. (79) showed that systemic administration of probenecid, which acts by competitive inhibition of weak organic acid transport, increased the intravitreal half-life of iodopyracet to 17 hours. Similar findings were reported by Barza et al. (80,81) who demonstrated that systemic administration of probenecid increased the half-life of intravitreally injected carbenicillin and cefazolin in rabbits and monkeys. 

J. A. Becker, Study of surfaces by using new tools. Solid State Phys. 1, 379-424 (1958). 

Some studies of potential commercial significance have been made. For instance, deposition of catalyst some distance away from the pore mouth extends the catalyst s hfe when pore mouth deactivation occui s. Oxidation of CO in automobile exhausts is sensitive to the catalyst profile. For oxidation of propane the activity is eggshell > uniform > egg white. Nonuniform distributions have been found superior for hydrodemetaUation of petroleum and hydrodesulfuriza-tion with molybdenum and cobalt sulfides. Whether any commercial processes with programmed pore distribution of catalysts are actually in use is not mentioned in the recent extensive review of GavriUidis et al. (in Becker and Pereira, eds., Computer-Aided Design of Catalysts, Dekker, 1993, pp. 137-198), with the exception of monohthic automobile exhaust cleanup where the catalyst may be deposited some distance from the mouth of the pore and where perhaps a 25-percent longer life thereby may be attained. 

B9. Becker, K. M., An analytical and experimental study of burn-out conditions in vertical round ducts, AE-178, Stockholm (1965). 

B14. Becker, K. M., Jahnberg, S., Haga, I., Hansson, P. T. and Mathisen, R. P., Hydro-dynamic instability and dynamic burn-out in natural circulation two-phase flow. An experimental and theoretical study, Nukleonik 6, 224 (1964). 

Becker et al., (1984) investigated the photo-CIDNP effect in the presence of crown ethers (see Sec. 11.2). CIDNP studies on the photolysis (Jiang et al., 1990) and on the NaBH4 reduction (Song et al., 1990) of arenediazonium ions showed that free radical intermediates are involved. 

Becker and Israel (1979) have studied the influence of the solvent in more detail. They determined the constant KD of the equilibrium between free ions and ion pairs (Schemes 10-12 and 10-13) conductometrically in five solvents (H20, MeCN, MeOH, EtOH, and Me2CO). An inverse linear relationship was found between the ratio of products [ArOS]/[ArF] (where ArOS is the product of heterolytic solvolysis) and Kd/e (e = dielectric constant). This result indicates that solvolysis products are formed mainly from free diazonium ions, whereas fluoro-de-diazoniation takes place in the ion pair. Of the solvents used, acetone gives the lowest value of KD, and thus the yield of the fluorinated product is highest in this solvent. 

For the introduction of fluorine into aromatic and heteroaromatic compounds the photolytic fluoro-de-diazoniation sometimes has advantages compared with the corresponding thermal dediazoniation (Balz-Schiemann reaction, see Sec. 10.4). For aromatic substrates the reaction was studied by Rutherford et al. (1961), Christie and Paulath (1965), Petterson et al. (1971), and Becker and Israel (1979). Hexafluorophos-phates sometimes give better yields than tetrafluoroborates (Rutherford et al., 1961). In analogy to Balz-Schiemann reactions in solution (Fukuhara et al., 1987), photolytic fluoro-de-diazoniations of benzene derivatives with electron-withdrawing substituents give lower yields. 

Photochemical arylations of ethene derivatives by arenediazonium salts, i.e., photo-Meerwein reactions, were carried out by Becker and Israel (1975), but were not studied or applied later. 

Complexed arenediazonium salts are stabilized against photochemical degradation (Bartsch et al., 1977). This effect was studied in the former German Democratic Republic in the context of research and development work on diazo copying processes (Israel, 1982 Becker et al., 1984) as well as in China (Liu et al., 1989). The comparison of diazonium ion complexation by 18-crown-6 and dibenzo-18-crown-6 is most interesting. Becker at al. (1984) found mainly the products of heterolytic dediazoniation when 18-crown-6 was present in photolyses with a medium pressure mercury lamp, but products of homolysis appeared in the presence of dibenzo-18-crown-6. The dibenzo host complex exhibited a charge-transfer absorption on the bathochromic slope of the diazonio band. Results on the photo-CIDNP effect in the 15N NMR spectra of isotopically labeled diazonium salts complexed by dibenzo-18-crown-6 indicate that the primary step is a single electron transfer. 

McArthur JC (2004) HIV dementia an evolving disease. J Neuroimmunol 157(l-2) 3-10 McArthur JC, Hoover DR, BaceUar H, MUler EN, Cohen BA, Becker JT, Graham NM, McArthur JH, Seines OA, Jacobson LP et al (1993) Dementia in AIDS patients incidence and risk factors. Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study. Neurology 43(ll) 2245-2252 McManus CM, liu JS, Hahn MT, Hua LL, Brosnan CE, Berman JW, Lee SC (2000) Differential induction of chemokines in human microgUa by type I and II interferons. GUa 29(3) 273-280 McQuibban GA, Butler GS, Gong JH, BendaU L, Power C, Clark-Lewis I, OveraU CM (2001) Matrix metaUoproteinase activity inactivates the CXC chemokine stromal ceU-derived factor-1. J Biol Chem 276(47) 43503 3508... 

Sacktor N, Lyles RH, Skolasky R, Kleeberger C, Seines OA, Miller EN, Becker JT, Cohen B, McArthur JC (2001) HIV-associated neurologic disease incidence changes Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study, 1990-1998. Neurology 56(2) 257-260... 

McArthur JC, Hoover DR, Bacellar H, Miller EN, Cohen BA, Becker JT, Graham NM, McArthur JH, Seines OA, Jacobson LP et al (1993) Dementia in AIDS patients incidence and risk factors. Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study. Neurology 43(ll) 2245-2252... 

Wangberg 1,1 Barnes, KH Becker (1997) Product and mechanistic study of the reaction of NO3 radicals with a-pinene. Environ Sci Technol 31 2130-2135. 

Grunwaldt J-D, Maciejewski M, Becker OS, et al. 1999. Comparative Study of Au/Ti02 and AU/Z1O2 catalysts for low-temperature CO oxidation. J Catal 186 458-469. 

Platzner IT, Becker JS, Dietze H-J (1999) Stability study of isotope ratio measurements for uranium and thorium by ICP-QMS. At Spectrosc 20 6-12... 

There is further emphasis on adsorption isotherms, the nature of the adsorption process, with measurements of heats of adsorption providing evidence for different adsorption processes - physical adsorption and activated adsorption -and surface mobility. We see the emergence of physics-based experimental methods for the study of adsorption, with Becker at Bell Telephone Laboratories applying thermionic emission methods and work function changes for alkali metal adsorption on tungsten. 

Becker, K. M., G. Hemborg, and M. Bode, 1962, An Experimental Study of Pressure Gradients for Flow of Boiling Water in Vertical Round Ducts (Part 4), Rep. AE-86, A B Atomenergi, Nykoping, Sweden. (3)... 

Pastemak G, Becker CE, Lash A, et al. 1989. Cross-sectional neurotoxicology study of lead-exposed cohort. Clin Toxicol 27 37-51. 

Crystallization can be divided into three processes the primary nucleation process, the growth process, and the overgrowth process. The growth process is mainly controlled by the secondary nucleation mechanism. The steady (stationary) primary and secondary nucleation mechanisms of atomic or low molecular weight systems have been well studied since the 1930s by applying the classical nucleation theory (CNT) presented by Becker and Doring, Zeldovich, Frenkel and Turnbull and Fisher and so on [1-4]. 

E. S. Kostewicz, U. Brauns, R. Becker, J. B. Dressman. Forecasting the oral absorption behavior of poorly soluble weak bases using solubility and dissolution studies in biorelevant media. Pharm. Res. 2002, 19, 345-349. 

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