Bathing Water Directive

See Harlow (1992, p. 343), who gives the example of the British environmental groups using the complaint procedure to force the UK to comply with the Bathing Waters Directive. 

COM(97j585 Amended proposal for a Directive on the quality of bathing water... 

Fog Nozzles and Sprays. Spraying water directly onto a workpiece can rinse contaminants from it using considerably less water than immersing the part in a bath. A major limitation of spraying is that it is not effective on many oddly-shaped objects, since the spray cannot make direct contact with the entire surface of the object. But for simple workpieces such as sheets, it is highly effective. A variation on the spray nozzle is the fog nozzle. A fog nozzle uses water and air pressure to produce a fine mist. Less water is used than with a conventional spray nozzle. 

The synthesis requires little attention during this time except the occasional addition of water to maintain a constant volume. The color of the liquid in the flask changes slowly from pale yellow to ruby-red as the reaction proceeds, The precipitated barium carbonate is filtered off and the filtrate is rapidly concentrated to a volume of about 60ml on the water bath, avoiding direct illumination f the solution. The concentrated liquid is cooled in ice and 100ml of alcohol is added to precipitate the sodium chloride which is filtered off. The aqueous-alcoholic extract is then treated as in (I) for the isolation of the product. 

Up to now, 12 EC Directives on the protection of the aquatic environment have been adopted. Four Directives contain standards for surface waters according to use (drinking-water [ 1 ], bathing water [2 ], frash-water fish [3 ], and shellfish [4 ]).These Directives lay down quality objectives for particular uses of water. 

R Holding the Lotus wand by the white end, the Alchemist now draws over the curcurbite the symbol of the Flaming Sword as if descending into the mixture. Then let him place the curcurbite to the East of the Altar. The Alchemist stands between the pillars, and performs a solemn invocation of the forces of Mars to act therein. The curcurbite is then placed between the pillars (or drawn symbols of the same) for seven days, upon the flashing talisman of Mars. After this period, fit on the Alembic Head, and distil first in a water bath then direct flame until what time the mixture be all distilled over. 

This Directive deals with the quality requirements to be satisfied by bathing waters with the exception of water for therapeutical purposes and water for swimming pools. 

DO NOT rub the affected area. Rubbing causes damage to the skin and tissue. Gentiy piace the affected area in a warm (105°F) water bath and monitor the temperature to siowiy warm the tissue. Don t pour warm water directly on the affected area because it wiii warm the tissue too fast causing tissue damage. Warming takes about 25-40 minutes. 

Place the beaker in an ice bath to induce crystallization. If crystals do not form or if only a few crystals form, you may need to reduce the volume of solvent. Do this by heating the beaker in a water bath and directing a slow stream of air into the beaker, using a Pasteur pipette for a nozzle (Figure 7.12A). If crystals begin to form while you are evaporating the solvent, remove the beaker from the water bath. If crystals do not form, reduce the volume of the solvent by about one third. Allow the solution to cool and then place it in an ice bath. 

Evaporate the acetone solvent by carefully heating the test tube in a hot water bath while directing a light stream of dry air or nitrogen in the tube. Use a slow stream of gas to avoid blowing your product out of the tube. When the acetone has evaporated, you may be left with an oily solid in the bottom of the tube. Scratch the oily product with a spatula to induce crystallization. You may need to redirect air or nitrogen in the test tube to remove all traces of acetone. Reweigh the test tube to determine the )deld of this partially purified product. 

From US Environmental Protection Agency, Bacterial Water Quality Standards for Recreational Waters, 2003. From Council Directive, The Quality of Bathing Water (76/160/EEC), 2005. 

The effect of the liquid depends on the boiling point, surface tension and polymer interaction, but ethanol, water or ethanol/water mixtures are the best choices. In addition, for best results, materials must be mechanically broken down prior to sonication. Materials often require 30 min or more to fibrillate and the liquid must be kept cool. The sonicator can be pulsed on and off, or the bath cooled directly. 

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