Bastnaes

Boisbaudran obtained this rare earth element in 1892 in basic fractions from samarium-gadolinium concentrates, but it was not identified for several years. Demarcay obtained the element in the pure form in 1901. The element was named after Europe. It is found in nature mixed with other rare earth elements. Its concentration, however, is much lower than most other lanthanide elements. The principal rare earth ores are xenotime, monazite, and bastna-site. 

J, J, Berzelius and his collaborator Wilheim Hisinger, isolated from a heavy mineral found in 1781 in a mine at Bastnas, Sweden, another similar and yet somewhat different "earth". This one was named ceria and the mineral cerite after the then recently discovered planetoid Ceres, It was believed at the time, that both yttria and ceria were single elements, but subsequent study showed each to be a mixture of oxides, the complete separation and identification of which required more than a century of effort. 

Shortly before this, Georg Brandt had discovered a new cobalt mineral at die Goran Mine at Bastnas, near Riddarhytta. "My curiosity, said he, did not allow me to postpone the chemical investigation until... 

Cerium was the first rare earth element to be discovered. It was isolated in 1839 by Swedish chemist Carl Gustav Mosander (1797—1858). Mosander was studying a new rock that had been discovered outside the town of Bastnas, Sweden. Mosander named the new element cerium, in honor of the asteroid Ceres that had been discovered in 1801. 

Credit for the discovery of cerium is sometimes given to scientists who studied the black rock of Bastnas earlier. These scientists included Swedish chemists Jons Jakob Berzelius (1779-1848) and Wilhelm... 

More than a century earlier, a heavy new mineral had been found near the town of Bastnas, Sweden, and given the name cerite. 

Toward the end of the 1830s, Mosander became interested in an unusual black stone found near the town of Bastnas, Sweden. He learned that the stone contained two new materials. He thought those materials were both new elements. Mosander called them cerium and lanthanum. He was right about cerium, but wrong about lanthanum. The material Mosander called lanthanum later turned out to be a mixture of six new elements. 

Neodymium occurs with other rare earth elements in monazite, bastna-site, and allanite. It must first be separated from these other elements. 

Swedish chemists Jons Jakob Berzelius and Wilhelm Hisinger and German chemist Martin Klaproth discover the black rock of Bastnas, Sweden, which led to the discovery of several elements. Berzelius and Hisinger originally assume the rock is a new element, which they name cerium. 

Fuerstenau, D.W., Pradip, and Herrera-Urbina, R., The surface chemistry of bastnaes-ite, barite and calcite in aqueous carbonate solutions, Colloids Surf, 68, 95, 1992. 

In 1751 the Swedish chemist Axel F. Cronstedt found, near Bastnas, Sweden, a mineral that was eventually named cerita (its name related to the planetoid Ceres). Independently, Martin Klaproth, Jons J. Berzelius, and Wilhelm Hisinger, working with cerita, each isolated a product, ceria (in 1803), from which Carl G. Mosander obtained three different substances, as oxides cerium, lanthanum, and a mixture of oxides known as didymia. 

Hisinger W (1838) Analyser af nagra svenska mineralier. 2.Basiskt Fluor-Cerium fran Bastnas. 

Revision of the lanthanite group and new data for specimens from Bastnas, Sweden, and Bethlehem U.S.A. 

The wide variety of existing applications of REE has, not surprisingly, aroused industrial interest in research aimed at developing analytical methods for their determination in their mineral sources (monacites, xenotimes, bastnae-sites, fergusonites, allanites), mineral concentrates from beach sand and alluvial, and finished materials containing REE. 

Flame atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS) provides the highest detection limits for lanthanides. Its scope of application is therefore confined to samples containing high concentrations of REE (e.g. monacites, xenotimes and bastnae-sites), for which the technique provides acceptable results in hydroalcoholic media containing 80% methanol. The lowest detectable contents are 0.05% referred to the solid sample [19]. 

Cronstedt, in the anonymous edition of his Mineralogy (1758), said the roda tungsten (red heavy-stone) from Bastnas (Ryddarhyttan) contained iron calx combined with another unknown earth . Klaproth and Hisinger and Berzelius independently and almost simultaneously discovered this unknown earth, the former calling it ochroite (see Vol. Ill, p. 657) and the latter ceria. Another rare-earth element associated with cerium, viz. lanthanum, was discovered by Mosander. ... 

Discovery Cronstedt discovered the heavy stone from Bastnaes" in 1751. Berzelius and Hisinger in Sweden identified a new silicate in it and called it cerite after the newly discovered small planet Ceres. In 1803 Berzelius isolated the oxide of the new metal cerium. Klaproth in Berlin investigated the same mineral and also identified a new metal. 

The discoveries started with the findings in Ytterby and Bastnaes. With the final results available (Figure 17.2) we can say that the 14 elements all belong to group 3 and period 6. They constitute a subgroup of elements, all so similar to lanthanum that they are called the lanthanides. 

Wilhelm Hisinger, Jons Jacob Berzelius, Stockholm Cerite. Cerium 1803 The mineral cerite found in Bastnaes... 

The Bastnaes field is a region rich in minerals, situated at Riddarhyttan in the province of Westmanland in Central Sweden. Iron and copper ores have been mined there for hundreds of years. 

After having read the two publications, N.-L. Vauquelin in Paris wrote his own paper in which, for some inscrutable reason, he asserted that the two Swedes had made the cerium discovery, informed Klaproth about it, and also sent a sample of the heavy stone from Bastnaes. Klaproth had then published the investigation in his own name. This was a terrible accusation, which naturally made Klaproth very indignant. That a young unknown Herr Berzelius, 24 years of age and without experience, should compete with... 

Klaproth for an element discovery was bad enough- An accusation of scientific dishonesty was far beyond the limit of what could be accepted On July 10 1805, Berzelius got a furious letter from Klaproth demanding to know whether he really had given the untruthfrd information to Vauquelin. In the letter, Klaproth informed Berzelius that in 1788 he had obtained a sample of the heavy stone from Bastnaes from the Prussian ambassador at the Swedish court. Count von Lepel who had got it from the Swedish mine-inspector Gei-jer l. At the turn of the century he had analyzed it, found the new oxide and sent his discovery for publication. 

M22 Bastnaesite CeFCO from the Bastnaes field at Riddarhyttan in central Sweden. Brownish-yellow crystals in dark allanite (orthite). 

Ca,Mg),Ce-rRE)g(SiO,),. SHjO from Bastnaes at Riddarhyttan. Pale, grayish-brown mineral in dark allanite (orthite). From the collections of the Swedish Museum of Natural History. 

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