Basic types

Generally EOR techniques have been most successfully applied in onshore, shallow reservoirs containing viscous crudes, where recoveries under conventional methods are very low. The Society of Petroleum Engineers publishes a regular report on current EOR projects, including both pilot and full commercial schemes (the majority of which are in the USA). In the 1992 report, EOR methods could be divided into three basic types ... 

Molecules are most commonly represented on a computer graphics screen using stick or space-filling representations, which are analogous to the Dreiding and Corey-PauUng-Koltun (CPK) mechanical models. Sophisticated variations on these two basic types have... 

The modem organic chemist has a variety both of reagents and reactions far beyond those we have looked at here. If you study organic chemistry to a more advanced level you should meet many of them but you will find that the principles of their design and use are the same as those you have learnt in this programme. We have now finished the basic types of disconnection and must look at the strategy of synthesis. 

Plasticizers. About 2.5% of U.S. adipic acid consumed in 1988 was used in two basic types of adipic ester based plasticizers (195). Simple adipate esters prepared from Cg—alcohols are used especially as PVC plasticizers (qv). Eor special appHcations requiring low volatility or extraction resistance, polyester derivatives of diols or polyols are preferred. 

Aerators designed to faciHtate the transfer of oxygen from air to water increase interfacial area by producing Hquid turbulence and circulation. There are four basic types of aerators summarized in Table 1. 

There are five basic types of polystyrene foams produced in a wide range of densities and employed in a wide variety of apphcations (/) extmded polystyrene board (2) extmded polystyrene sheet (2) expanded bead mol ding (4) injection molded stmctural foam and (5) expanded polystyrene loose-fiU packaging. 

There are three basic types of polyethylene foams of importance (/) extmded foams from low density polyethylene (LPDE) (2) foam products from high density polyethylene (HDPE) and (J) cross-linked polyethylene foams. Other polyolefin foams have an insignificant volume as compared to polyethylene foams and most of their uses are as resia extenders. 

Lujuefaction. Eigure 21 outlines most of the biomass Hquefaction methods under development. There are essentially three basic types of biomass Hquefaction technologies, ie, fermentation, natural, and thermochemical processes. 

Plastics and Resins. Plastics and resin materials are high molecular weight polymers which at some stage in their manufacture can be shaped or otherwise processed by appHcation of heat and pressure. Some 40—50 basic types of plastics and resins are available commercially, but HteraHy thousands of different mixtures (compounds) are made by the addition of plasticizers, fillers, extenders, stabilizers, coloring agents, etc. 

Test Methods. Two basic types of test methods are commonly used to measure sound-absorption in test laboratories the reverberation room method and the impedance tube method. 

Primary cmshers are of two basic types compression or impact. Compression cmshers typified by the jaw, cone, and gyratory primary cmshers, operate by the slow appHcation of pressure which causes the rock to crack and mpture. In contrast, impact cmshers, on which impact breakers and... 

The feature that is most usefiil in distinguishing commercial methanol processes from one another is the type of reactor used. The four basic types in use ate shown in Figure 7. There are a variety of proprietary reactor designs commercially available from Hcensors, all of which are either one of these four types or a combination of two among them (17—22). 

The three basic types of size reduction circuits used to produce a fine product ate shown in Eigure 1. The final stages of the grinding circuit are typically operated in closed circuit, at comparatively high circulating loads, so that the material has tittle chance of being broken a second time before it is removed from the circuit by a classifier. Rod mills are operated normally in an open circuit. 

Eig. 1. Three basic types of size reduction circuits (a) conventional, (b) autogenous, and (c) autogenous plus separate fine grinding (6). 

Fig. 11. Schematic diagrams of the basic types of jig where represents the jigging action (a) Denver/Har2 and (b) Batac. (c) Schmatic of a shaking table,...

In general, pilot-plant space can be divided into five basic types separate buildings, containment cells or barricades, open bays, walk-in hoods, and laboratory areas. A summary of the advantages and disadvantages of each has been given (1). 

Compressors. There are two basic types of compressors centrifugal and reciprocating machines. The centrifugal compressor is usually used... 

Purification. The method used to recover the desired alkylphenol product from the reactor output is highly dependent on the downstream use of the product and the physical properties of the alkylphenol. The downstream uses vary enormously some require no refining of the alkylphenol feedstock others require very high purity materials. Physical property differences affect both the basic type of process used for recovery and the operating conditions used within that process. 

Muscle tissue is unique in its ability to shorten or contract. The human body has three basic types of muscle tissue histologically classified into smooth, striated, and cardiac muscle tissues. Only the striated muscle tissue is found in all skeletal muscles. The type of cells which compose the muscle tissue are known as contractile cells. They originate from mesenchymal cells which differentiate into myoblasts. Myoblasts are embryonic cells which later differentiate into contractile fiber cells. 

The petroleum oils are of three basic types aromatic, naphthemic, and paraffinic. Aromatic oils contain hazardous materials that require special handling precautions. Naphthenic oil does not contain hazardous levels of polynuclear aromatics (PNAs) and is less hysteretic. Because of these considerations the naphthenic oil is gaining in usage at the expense of more utilized aromatics. Paraffinic oil is only used modestly in tire compounds. The... 

---