Basic metrics

In the basic metric matrix implementation of the distance constraint technique [16] one starts by generating a distance bounds matrix. This is an A X y square matrix (N the number of atoms) in which the upper bounds occupy the upper diagonal and the lower bounds are placed in the lower diagonal. The matrix is Ailed by information based on the bond structure, experimental data, or a hypothesis. After smoothing the distance bounds matrix, a new distance matrix is generated by random selection of distances between the bounds. The distance matrix is converted back into a 3D confonnation after the distance matrix has been converted into a metric matrix and diagonalized. A new distance matrix... 

Table 4-2 shows how some of the basic metric units are related to units commonly used in English-speaking countries for nonscientitle measurements. Although the United States, Great Britain, and Canada have officially resolved to convert to the metric system, it will be many years before the conversion is complete. In the meantime, you must learn to convert from one system to the other. The three conversion factors given in Table 4-2 (rounded off to 2.54... 

Because these units involve basic metric principles, one can make use of the metric interconversions of mass (grams), fluid volumes (liters or milliliters), and spatial volumes (cubic centimeters, cc). Specifically, under most laboratory conditions, 1 ml... 

Basic Eco-Efficiency Metrics. The above eco-efficiency categories can be captured by a small number of metrics. For illustration, let us consider the set of basic metrics adopted by BRIDGES to Sustainability (Schwarz et al., 2000, 2002), shown in Table 6.2. Informed by the work of NRTEE (1999) and WBCSD (Verfaillie and Bidwell, 2000), the metrics were chosen as ratios. Impacts are placed in the numerators and a measure of output is in the denominator. The denominator can be mass or other unit of product, functional unit, sales revenue, monetary value-added, or a certain measure of societal benefits. Expressing the metrics as ratios allow them to be compared and used in weighing decision alternatives and comparing operational units. Defined in this manner, the lower metrics are better as they reflect lower impacts per unit of value generation. 

Land use is not shown among the basic metrics in Table 6.2 and represents a category that is less developed and may not fit into the impact-per-unit-output format of the other eco-efficiency metrics. IChemE (2002) proposes a land use metric expressed in terms of total area of land occupied and affected per annual revenue. However, heuristics and decision-rules for the land use metric, especially in relation to impacts on biodiversity and the ecosystem, require further development. 

Complementary Metrics. Some of the basic metrics shown in Table 6.2 should be accompanied by other metrics. The toxic release metric, defined in terms of total release of toxics recognized by regulatory systems such as the Toxic Release Inventory (TRI), may lead to inaccurate representation when used by itself, as lower quantity of toxics does not necessarily correlate with less impact. The value of this metric lays primarily in its broad recognition and long-time use in the industry. Certain... 

Therefore, in addition to the basic metrics, complementary metrics may be developed to address specific needs. They include ... 

Metrics that emphasize certain elements of the basic metrics, for example, toxic raw materials metric emphasizes an element of the basic material metric ... 

Metrics that cover elements not usually included in the basic metrics, for example, transportation energy metric complements basic energy metric and... 

Examples of the complementary metrics under the different basic metric categories are provided in Table 6.3. 

Four basic metrics are obtained from a load-displacement curve of a material subjected to the small punch test. These include e initial stiffness, peak load, ultimate load, and the maximum displacement at failure. A fifth derived metric, integral work to failure (WTF), is found by integrating the area imder the... 

The basic metric unit of volume is the liter (L), which is defined in terms of metric units of length. As shown in Figure 1.10, a liter is the volume of a decimeter cubed, that is, 1 L = 1 dm (a dm is 0.1 m, about 4 inches). A milliliter (mL) is the same volume as a centimeter cubed (cm or cc—although this latter abbreviation should no longer be used), and a liter is 1000 cm A kiloliter, or cubic meter (m ), is a common unit of measurement for the volume of air. For example, standards for... 

In an attempt to further standardize scientific measurements, an international agreement in 1960 established certain basic metric units, and units derived from them, as preferred units to be used in scientific measurements. Measurement units in this system are known as SI units after the French Systeme International d Unites. SI units have not yet been totally put into widespread use. Many scientists continue to express certain quantities, such as volume, in non-SI units. The metric system in this book is generally based on accepted SI units but also includes a few of the commonly used non-SI units. 

In summary, differences in metal coordination chemistries produce differences in the bioaccumulation and effects of single metals. Associated trends can be predicted with basic metrics of metal-ligand interactions. 

The SI unit of mass is the kilogram, kg. It is defined as the mass of a platinum-iridium cylinder that is stored in a vault in Sevres, France. A kilogram weighs about 2.2 pounds, which is too large a unit for most small-scale work in the laboratory. Instead, the basic metric mass unit is used the gram, g. One gram is 1/10(X) kilogram, or 0.001 kg. Conversely, we can say that 1 kg is 1000 g. 

We assume that grams are the appropriate unit for mass in this problem because the gram is the basic metric unit for mass. 

The basic metric units are the meter (length/distance), the gram (weight), and the liter (capacity). The units are then expanded in multiples of 10 or made smaller by 1/10. The... 

The same tools mentioned above permit virtually unattended operation whilst complete programs are checked, and the process is therefore relatively cheap so long as the three basic metrics are sufficient. The benefits are threefold, i.e. that ... 

Four basic metrics are obtained from a load-displacement curve of a material subjected to the small punch test... 

An email service provider inherently has less functionality than marketing automation. The main function of an email service provider (ESP) is to send emails. Mostly batch-and-blast, ESPs are good if your business is highly focused on email communications. They also provide basic metrics attached to your email efforts. However, note that they do not provide functionality for lead management (lead nurturing and lead scoring), and they do not provide the depth of metrics that marketing automation platforms can provide. 

Measuring your email ceunp iign performance is a sure-fire way to look at program success so you can iterate cmd optimize emails going forward. Here are some basic metrics to keep in mind as you delve into email marketing feet first ... 

You can track some metrics without a meirketing automation platform. Your CRM (customer relationship management) tool probably has some basic metrics, your email service provider might have a few things, and you can do some calculations manually. However, to truly track your campaigns and... 

---