Base —continued strong

A third approach to buffer solutions is to add strong acid to a solution of a weak base. This produces a buffer solution if the amount of strong acid is about half the amount of weak base. Continuing with our examples of acetic acid-acetate buffers, if a solution of hydrochloric acid is added to a solution of sodium acetate, then hydronium ions react quantitatively with acetate anions ... 

The outlook for ethylene demand in the next decade is one of continued strong growth. Based on our discussions with several ethylene producing and consuming companies, we feel that the projections shown in Table I, which presents estimated annual ethylene demands for the 1970-80 period, are realistic and if anything, somewhat conservative. 

Regarding choice of continuous phase, in theory we might operate an inverse emulsion polymerization in any fluid with a relatively low critical temperature (for example, approximately 373 K and below), including alkanes and alkenes, CFCs, HFCs, CO2, N2O, Xe, and dimethyl ether. However, practical considerations greatly reduce this list the flammability of alkanes, the danger inherent in the use of N2O (it is a strong oxidant), the cost of HFCs and Xe, and the ozone-depleting capacity of CFCs have meant that only CO2 is seriously considered as a replacement for conventional oil-based continuous phases. We consequently focus our attention on carbon dioxide. 

The fastest growth globally in flame retardants over the period from 2004 to 2007 is now expected to be in brominated grades. They are experiencing continued strong use in Japan, partly because they show better recyclability than phosphorus-based ones. Phosphorus based alternatives to halogenated systems come second, and melamine derivatives third. (The latter currently hold only a very small market share and it would not take much new consumption to return an impressive growth rate.)... 

There are other definitions of acids and other measures of acidity. One such definition of acidity is ch,o, which represented a milestone when first proposed by Arrhenius in 1886. However, with the advent of studies in strong acid systems, this definition lost favor because it failed to parallel protonating ability. For example, as the concentration of H2SO4 rises from 0 to 85%, both Chjo" and the ability to protonate bases continue to rise. 

Uranium ores are leached with dilute sulfuric acid or an alkaline carbonate [3812-32-6] solution. Hexavalent uranium forms anionic complexes, such as uranyl sulfate [56959-61-6], U02(S0 3, which are more selectively adsorbed by strong base anion exchangers than are other anions in the leach Hquors. Sulfate complexes are eluted with an acidified NaCl or ammonium nitrate [6484-52-2], NH NO, solution. Carbonate complexes are eluted with a neutral brine solution. Uranium is precipitated from the eluent and shipped to other locations for enrichment. Columnar recovery systems were popular in South Africa and Canada. Continuous resin-in-pulp (RIP) systems gained popularity in the United States since they eliminated a difficult and cosdy ore particle/leach hquor separation step. 

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