BAMO polymer

BAMO monomer is synthesized by replacing the C-Cl bonds of 3,3-bis(chlorom-ethyl) oxetane (BCMO) with C-N3 bonds.I BAMO polymer has two N3 bonds per BAMO monomer unit. BAMO polymer is obtained by polymerizing the monomer... 

Since BAMO polymer is a solid at room temperature, BAMO monomer is copolymerized with tetrahydrofuran (THF) in order to formulate a liquid BAMO copolymer that is used as a binder in propellants and explosives, as shown in Fig. 4.9. The terminal OH groups of the BAMO-THF copolymer are cured by reaction with the NCO groups of hexamethylene diisocyanate (HMDl) and then cross-linking is carried out with trimethylolpropane (TMP). The physical properties of such a copolymer with a BAMO/THF composition of 60/40 mol% are shown in Table 4.7.1151... 

The energetic nature of the azido group makes its incorporation into energetic polymers and binders very desirable. 3,3-Bis(azidomethyl)oxetane (BAMO) (28) and 3-azidomethyl-3-methyloxetane (AMMO) (33) are energetic monomers which on polymerization result in the energetic polymers poly[BAMO] (32) and Poly[AMMO] (34), respectively, both of which are under evaluation as potential energetic alternatives to HTPB in composite propellant formulations. ... 

BAMO is also copolymerized with nitratomethyl methyl oxetane (NIMO) to formulate the energetic liquid polymer BAMO-NIMO. Since NIMO is a nitrate ester containing an -O-NO2 bond in its molecular structure, BAMO-NIMO copolymer is more energetic than BAMO-THF copolymer. The chemical structures of BAMO and NIMO are both based on the oxetane structure, and the structure of the BAMO-NIMO copolymer is shown in Fig. 4.10. 

Azide polymers such as GAP and BAMO are also used to formulate AP composite propellants in order to give improved specific impulses compared with those of the above-mentioned AP-HTPB propellants. Since azide polymers are energetic materials that burn by themselves, the use of azide polymers as binders of AP particles, with or without aluminum particles, increases the specific impulse compared to those of AP-HTPB propellants. As shown in Fig. 4.15, the maximum of 260 s is obtained at (AP) = 0.80 and is approximately 12 % higher than that of an AP-HTPB propellant because the maximum loading density of AP particles is obtained at about (AP) = 0.86 in the formulation of AP composite propellants. Since the molecular mass of the combustion products. Mg, remains relatively unchanged in the region above (AP) = 0.8, decreases rapidly as (AP) increases. 

Azide polymers contain -N3 bonds within their molecular structures and burn by themselves to produce heat and nitrogen gas. Energetic azide polymers burn very rapidly without any oxidation reaction by oxygen atoms. GAP, BAMO, and AM-MOare typical energetic azide polymers. The appropriate monomers are cross-Hnked and co-polymerized with other polymeric materials in order to obtain optimized properties, such as viscosity, mechanical strength and elongation, and temperature sensitivities. The physicochemical properties GAP and GAP copolymers are described in Section 4.2.4. 

The azide chemical bond, represented by -N3, contains thermal energy, which is released when the bond is broken without oxidation. Typical chemicals containing azide bonds are glycidyl azide polymer, designated as GAP, BAMO, and AMMO. These polymers are copolymerized with hydrocarbon polymers to formulate fuel-... 

There are a number of inert binders such as polyester, epoxy, polysulfide, polyurethane which have been reported as binders for composite propellants and plastic bonded explosives (PBXs). At present, hydroxy-terminated polybutadiene (HTPB) is regarded as the state-of-the-art workhorse binder for such applications. However, the recent trend is to use energetic binders such as poly [3,3-bis(azidomethyl oxetane)] [poly(BAMO)], poly (3-azidomethyl-3-methyl oxetane) [poly(AMMO)], PNP, GAP diol and triol, nitrated HTPB(NHTPB), poly(NiMMO), poly(GlyN) and nitrated cyclodextrin polymers poly(CDN) for PBXs and composite propellants in order to get better performance. 

BAMO is perhaps the most prominent among the azido oxetanes class in terms of the number of polymers and copolymers reported so far. Due to its symmetrical azido groups, it assumes special significance as a hard block repeating unit in a thermoplastic elastomer. However, the homopolymer is solid and cannot be used directly for binder applications because of its crystal-tine nature. Also, poly(BAMO) shows relatively poor mechanical properties as a binder for solid rocket propellants [153]. Many copolymers of BAMO with non-energetic co-monomers tike tetrahydrofuran (THF) have been reported. The BAMO-THF copolymer is an excellent candidate for binder applications with its energetic BAMO content coupled with the THF block which affords... 

New prepolymers based on 3,3-bis (azidomethyl) oxetane (BAMO) and 3-nitratomethyl- 3-methy-loxetane (NMMO) are used in advanced pintle-controllable solid rocket motor applications. These polymers yield favorable propellant energy with the combination of nitrato esters and ammonium nitrate, and allow solid propellant designs to compete with liquid propellants in arenas of energy management, approaching true start-stop-restart operation. 

Poly-BAMO is synthesized via cationic polymerisation from the monomer 3,3-bis(azidomethyl)l-oxetane (BAMO). The polymerisation reaction is quenched with water to get polymer chains with hydroxyl endgroups which enable to react these pre-polymers later with isocyanate for curing reaction. Poly-BAMO has one of the highest nitrogen content of the - energetic binder components and is suggested for composite propellants. It is in the scope of actual research. 

Turbidity All On-site, on-line, in-situ No Nephelometry, photometry (UV, IR, multi-wavelength) Electrodes (specific, glass, polymer, LIS and reference) Few seconds 1-10% 0-4000 NTU ISO 7027 DIN 38404 USEPA 180.1 ABB Instrumentation, Anael, Aquacontrol, Aqualyse, Aquams, AWA Instruments, Bamo mesures, Datalink, EFS Lac Instruments et systemes, Endress Hauser, Equipements scientifiques SA, Hydrolab, Martec, Mettler Toledo, OTT, Hach, Seres, Cole Parmer, WTW, YSI Hydrodata... 

Nair, J.K., Reddy, T.S., Satpute, R.S., Mukundan, T., and Asthana, S.N., Synthesis and characterization of energetic thermoplastic elastomers (ETPEs) based on 3,3-bis(azidomethyl)oxetane(BAMO)-3-azi-domethyl-3-methyloxetane (AMMO) copolymers, J. Polym. Mater. 21 (2), 205, 2004. 

Studies of poly(oxetanes) containing the azidomethyl group, AMMO and BAMO, and the glycidyl azide polymer, GAP, reveal a mixture of hydrocarbon and oxycarbon fragments along with some NH3 and HCN [59]. Presumably IR silent... 

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