Bacteria symbiosis

D.W. Kraus and J.B. Wittenberg, Hemoglobins of the Lucina pectinata bacteria symbiosis I. Molecular properties, kinetics, and equilibria of reactions with ligands. J. Biol. Chem. 265, 16043—16053 (1990). 

Doney SC, Abbott MR, Cullen JJ, Karl DM, Rothstein L (2004) From genes to ecosystems the ocean s new frontier. Front Ecol Environ 2 457 166 Droop MR (2007) Vitamins, phytoplankton and bacteria symbiosis or scavenging J Plankton Res 29 107-113... 

We will present the basic requirements for preparing a bimane derivatized sample for HPLC analysis ana the preparation or appropriate blanks. We will then discuss the specific methods used for the three studies presented in the results section i) phytoplankton studies ii) sediment core studies iii) sulfide metabolism studies in invertebrate-bacteria symbiosis. 

Damiani C, Ricci I, Crotti E et al (2010) Mosquito-bacteria symbiosis the case of Anopheles gambiae and Asaia. Microb Ecol 60 644—654... 

Saxitoxin (STX) is a toxin which is found in marine microorganisms. It is most likely synthesized by bacteria which live in symbiosis with dinoflagellates, a component of phytoplankton. Through the marine food chain, it can lead to poisoning of humans. The mechanism of toxicity of saxitoxin is vety similar to that of tetrodotoxin. Saxitoxin binds from the outside of the membrane to various forms of voltage-sensitive Na+channels and blocks the channel in an activation state-independent manner. 

Treatment of an extracellular polysaccharide of Rhizobium japonicum (an important factor for nitrogen-fixing symbiosis between bacteria and soybeans) with liquid HF (—40°, 30 min) gave mono- and oligo-saccharides involving 0- -D-glucopyranosyl-( 1 - 3)-C>-(4-0-acetyl-a-D-galactopyrano-syluronic acid)-(l— 3)-D-mannose and its 1-fluoride. 

S. Scannerini and P. Bonfante, Bacteria and bacteria like objects in endoniycorrhi-zal fungi (Glomaceae), Symbiosis as Source of Evolutionary Innovation Speciation anil Morphogenesis (L. Margulis and R. Fester, eds.). The MIT Press Cambridge, MA, USA. 1991, pp. 273-287. 

Nodule-forming bacteria (legume bacteria) live in symbiosis with the root system of legumes (e.g. beans). They can reduce nitrogen to ammonia with the aid of a molybdenum-sulfur complex. 

Intracellular symbiosis is extremely widespread in invertebrates. For example, mutualistic symbioses with intracellular bacteria can be found in almost all animal phyla, including sponges, cnidaria, nematodes, anellids, mollusca and arthropoda. Buchner (1965) thoroughly reviews most information published on bacterial symbiosis in animals up to 1964. After this monumental work, various reviews on more specific subjects have been published (e.g. Baumann, 1998, and references therein) including some recent reviews on Wolbachia (O Neill et al., 1997 Werren, 1997). In most of these papers, the term symbiosis is apparently used with a broad meaning the intracellular bacterium is usually referred to as an endosymbiont even in the absence of data on effects on host fitness. Here only key points on intracellular symbiosis and Wolbachia will be summarized, so as to put the information available on symbiosis in filarial nematodes into a broader context. 

We shall see that the photosynthesis becomes isolated in plant chemotypes using derivatives of photosynthesising bacteria, chloroplasts, while degradation will be found in plants (no light), fungi and animals using derivatives of non-photosynthesising bacteria, mitochondria. These are cases of symbiosis. 

Some organisms, notably parasites, have organelles , which appear to be relics of chloroplasts but have no photosynthetic capacity. They are called apicoplasts but are probably not the origin of chloroplasts. Also note that a feature of symbiosis is that genes that are no longer required can be selectively lost as was probably the case in the example of loss from bacteria on becoming mitochondria (mentioned above). 

The difficulty of handling oxygen appears to have led on the other hand to another case of cooperation in metabolism but now in true symbiosis. The vast majority of eukaryotes cannot metabolise N2 and rely on bacteria for a conversion... 

Forst S, Clarke D. Bacteria-nematode symbiosis. In Gaugler R (ed) Entomopathogenic nematology. Wallingford, UK CAB International 2002. pp. 57-77. 

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