Sulfur reducing bacteria

Kolb S, S Seeliger, N Springer, W Ludwig, B Schink (1998) The fermenting bacterium Malonomonas rubra is phylogenetically related to sulfur-reducing bacteria and contains a c-type cytochrome similar to those of sulfur and sulfate reducers. SystAppl Microbiol 21 340-345. 

Fauque G, LeGall J, Barton LL. 1991. Sulfate-reducing and sulfur-reducing bacteria. In Shivley JM, Barton LL, editors. Variations in autotrophic life. New York Academic Press, p 271-338. 

The biological classification schemes for bacteria and archaea are still being developed because of the rapid pace of new discoveries in genomics. The two most important phyla of marine bacteria are the cyanobacteria, which are photosynthetic, and the proteobacteria. The latter include some photosynthetic species, such as the purple photosynthetic bacteria and N2 fixers. Other members of this diverse phylum are the methanotrophs, nitrifiers, hydrogen, sulfur and iron oxidizers, sulfete and sulfur reducers, and various bioluminescent species. 

Widdel F. 1988. Microbiology and ecology of sulfate- and sulfur-reducing bacteria. In Zehnder AJB, ed. Biology of Anaerobic Microorganisms. New York Wiley-Interscience, 469-585. 

Fungicides, 18 177, 244 fur protein, 36 414-415 Fuscoredoxin, 47 485 in sulfur-reducing bacteria, 47 378-382 Fused-ring nitrides... 

Dissimilatory sulfate- or sulfur-reducing bacteria. Desulfovibrio... 

Figure 8.20. Simplified scheme for the oxidation of H2S by O2 mediated by a variety of bacteria. The gradient zone between O2 and H2S is the environment of many colorless sulfur bacteria, among which the type Beggiatoa often reach high population densities and form white mats on the mud or sediment-water interface. If light penetrates at the zonation between O2 and H2S, phototrophic, often colorful, sulfur bacteria grow. Reduced sulfur can also be oxidized abiotically, for example, by Fe(III)(hydr)oxides or even by O2 in the presence of metal-ion catalysts.

Like pesticides, heavy metals are traditionally tested by enzyme inhibition or modulation of catalytic activity. Several metalloproteins behave as chelators for specific metals with no known catalytic reactions. Such heavy metal binding sites exist in metallothioneins and in various protein elements of bacterial heavy metal mechanisms and have been exploited for specific detection through affinity events. Nevertheless and as previously mentioned, bacterial resistance mechanisms can also be linked to catalytic pathways. For instance, c5rtochromes c3 and hydrogenases from sulfate and sulfur reducing bacteria [284,285] are well suited for bioremediation purposes because they can reduce various metals such as U(V) and Cr(VI) [286,287]. Cytochrome c3 has been reported to catalyse Cr(VI) and U(VI) reduction in Desulfovibrio vulgaris [288,289], suggesting... 

Numerous so-called sulfur bacteria produce sulfur sols which are similar in their chemical and physical properties to the above described Weimarn, Raffo, or Selmi sols. Such bacteria live in all wet environments from soils, ponds, creeks, rivers, and lakes to seashores [49]. The oxidizing sulfur bacteria oxidize reduced sulfur compounds like sulfide ions either by molecular oxygen or, using sunlight as an energy source, by carbon dioxide to the level of S°, i.e., sulfur in the zero oxidation state ... 

Thermophilic microbes have been known for some years from the hot springs of Yellowstone National Park, USA (Farmer, 2000) but now are also documented from deep ocean hydrothermal vents, the most extreme of which is an Fe(III)-reducing member of the Archaea that can grow at 121°C (Kashefi St Lovley, 2003). Ocean vent microbial communities are diverse and include Archaea and Bacteria (Hoelc et al., 2003) which utilize hydrogen- and iron-oxidizing and sulfur-reducing metabolisms to produce microbial mats. They form rod-like, coccoid, and filamentous forms (Reysenbach and Cady, 2001). An equally diverse array of thermophilic microbes is also... 

Liesack, W. and K. Finster. 1994. Phylogenetic analysis of five strains of Gramnegative, obligately anaerobic, sulfur-reducing bacteria and description of Desulfuromusa gen. nov., including Desulfuromusa kysingii sp.nov., Desulfuromusa bakii sp. nov., and Desulfuromusa succinoxidans sp. nov. Int. J. Syst. Bacterial. 44 753-758. 

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