Bacteria pharyngitis

Bacteria pharyngitis can be caused by the beta-hemolytic streptococci bacteria, which is known as strep throat. A throat culture and sensitivity is performed to determine the bacteria causing the infection and the antibiotic to treat the infection. Saline gargles, lozenges, and increased fluid help soothe the throat. 

Pharyngitis is caused by a virus (viral pharyngitis) or by bacteria (bacteria pharyngitis) such as the beta-hemolytic streptococci. Patients know this as strep throat. A throat culture is taken to mle out beta-hemolytic streptococcal infection. Sometimes patients experience acute pharyngitis along with other upper respiratory tract disease such as a cold, rhinitis, or acute sinusitis. 

Upper respiratory tract infection (URI) is a term that refers to various upper airway infections, including otitis media, sinusitis, pharyngitis, and rhinitis. Most URIs are viral and often selflimited. Over 1 billion viral URIs occur annually in the United States, resulting in millions of physician office visits each year.1 Excessive antibiotic use for URIs has contributed to the significant development of bacterial resistance. Guidelines have been established to reduce inappropriate antibiotic use for viral URIs.2 This chapter will focus on acute otitis media, sinusitis, and pharyngitis because they are frequently caused by bacteria and require appropriate antibiotic therapy to minimize complications. 

Pharyngitis is an acute throat infection caused by viruses or bacteria. Other conditions, such as gastroesophageal reflux, postnasal drip, or allergies, also can cause sore throat and must be distinguished from infectious causes. Acute pharyngitis is responsible for 1% to 2% of adult physician visits and 6% to 8% of pediatric visits but generally is self-limited without serious sequelae.41,42 Antibiotics are prescribed in 50% to 70% of cases in adults and children because of the inability to... 

Diphtheria is a bacterial respiratory infection characterized by membranous pharyngitis. The membrane may cover the pharynx, tonsillar areas, soft palate, and uvula. Diphtheria may also cause anal, cutaneous, vaginal, and conjunctival infections. The impact of diphtheria is not from the causative bacteria, Corynebacterium diphtheriae, but rather from complications attributed to its exotoxin, such as myocarditis and peripheral... 

Sulfouamides have a broad spectrum of antimicrobial activity, including Staphylococcus aureus, nonenterococcal types of Streptococcus, Listeria monocytogenes, Nocardia, Neisseria, Haemophilius influenzae, enteric Gram-negative types of E. coli, Proteus mirabilis, and a few forms of anaerobic bacteria. Above all, sulfonamides are used for treating uncomplicated infections of the urinary tract, infections caused by Nocardia asteroids, streptococcal pharyngitis, menigococcal diseases, toxoplasmosis, and others. 

Pneumonia is an infection in the lungs caused by viruses, bacteria, fungi, or chemical irritants. Pneumonia starts as an upper respiratory infection as a result of acute pharyngitis or acute rhinitis and leads to a lower respiratory infection. Pneumonia is contagious and spreads via droplets in the air from coughing and sneezing. Symptoms of pneumonia can occur 3 days after the upper respiratory infection. 

Patients who have bacterial pharyngitis are given antibiotics to destroy the beta-hemolytic streptococci bacteria. However, antibiotics are only prescribed if the result of the throat culture is positive for bacteria. Patients are also given the same treatments for viral pharyngitis to address the symptoms of pharyngitis. 

B. Aracil, M. Minambres, J. Oteo, C. Torres, J.L. Gomez-Garces, J.l. Alos, High prevalence of erythromycin-resistant and clindamycin-susceptible (M phenotype) viridans group streptococci from pharyngeal samples A reservoir of mef genes in commensal bacteria, 7 Antimicrob. Chemother., 48, 592-594,2001. 

Pharyngeal colonization with gram negative bacteria... 

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