Bacteria, cell walls membrane

The discovery of penicillin and its successful application in World War II inspired the antibiotic era, and a broad search for other cures for infectious diseases. Cancer has a totally different cause, as it arises through the malignant mutation of normal cells instead of from the actions of bacterial or other outside organisms. Penicillin destroys the bacteria cell walls, but not the mammalian cell membranes. Unless a dmg could be found that could tell the difference between a normal cell and a cancer cell, then it was not clear that there would be an effective cancer drug, that is until the first report by Goodman in 1946 that nitrogen mustard, developed as a war gas, was an effective chemotherapeutic for human leukemia. 

Coliphage attacks E. coli in a series of steps. First the long tail fibres come to rest on the surface of the cell, then the spiked base-plate is brought into contact with this surface. The lysozyme-like enzyme in the plate then depolymerizes a small area in the murein of the bacteria cell wall. The myosin-like sheath of the virus then contracts and the solid core pierces the bacterial membrane finally the viral DNA is injected into the cytoplasm (Lwoff, 1961). 

Tannins interact with cell wall/ membrane of bacteria... 

Define each of the following applied to aquatic bacteria Cell wall, slime layer, cell membrane, flagella, cytoplasm, nuclear body, inclusions. 

Surfactants Surfactants are compounds that have both hydrophihc and hydrophobic structures. They can form micelles with fat, oil, and proteins in water and help to clean the membranes fouled by these materials. Some surfactants may also interfere with hydro-phobic interactions between bacteria and membranes. In addition, surfactants can dismpt functions of bacteria cell walls. They therefore affect fouling dominated by the formation of biofilms (Pall, 2006). 

Cell wall Peptidoglycan a rigid framework of polysaccharide cross-linked by short peptide chains. Some bacteria possess a lipopolysaccharide- and protein-rich outer membrane. Mechanical support, shape, and protection against swelling in hypotonic media. The cell wall is a porous nonselective barrier that allows most small molecules to pass. 

The processes of electron transport and oxidative phosphorylation are membrane-associated. Bacteria are the simplest life form, and bacterial cells typically consist of a single cellular compartment surrounded by a plasma membrane and a more rigid cell wall. In such a system, the conversion of energy from NADH and [FADHg] to the energy of ATP via electron transport and oxidative phosphorylation is carried out at (and across) the plasma membrane. In eukaryotic cells, electron transport and oxidative phosphorylation are localized in mitochondria, which are also the sites of TCA cycle activity and (as we shall see in Chapter 24) fatty acid oxidation. Mammalian cells contain from 800 to 2500 mitochondria other types of cells may have as few as one or two or as many as half a million mitochondria. Human erythrocytes, whose purpose is simply to transport oxygen to tissues, contain no mitochondria at all. The typical mitochondrion is about 0.5 0.3 microns in diameter and from 0.5 micron to several microns long its overall shape is sensitive to metabolic conditions in the cell. 

Cell envelopes of prokaryotic organisms (archaea and bacteria) are characterized by the presence of two distinct components the cytoplasmic membrane, which constitutes the inner layer, and an outer supramolecular layered cell wall (for reviews see Ref. 4), which pre-... 

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