Background, historical survey

The relation of the results of previous investigations to the results presented in this article is best understood against a background of the complete picture. It is for this reason that few references to previous work will be given before Section VIII, which contains a historical survey and a discussion of the relations of previous results to the results presented in this article. 

For accounts of the resistance to atomism and the rise of structural chemistry, see Brock (1967, 1992) and Knight (1992). Mason (1976) provides a historical survey of stereochemistry. Some biographical background to Pasteur s researches can be found in Jacques (1993). 

The oxidation of aromatic hydrocarbons containing an aromatic nucleus and one or more aliphatic side diains may be readily effected without any very appreciable rupture of the ring itself. Under spedfied conditions such oxidations may be so controlled as to give satisfactory yields of the desired oxidation products, but in most cases investigations in this field have been covered by patents. An historical survey of the somewhat meager information on the subject afforded by the literature will afford a background. 

The country-wide dataset of stream sediment analyses in Austria consists of 36,136 samples analyzed for 34 chemical elements (Fig. 1), (Thalmann et al. 1989). Complemented by local surveys of hydrochemistry, whole rock geochemistry, soil chemistry and mineralogical phase analyses, these data are used to derive natural background levels of different rock units, investigate chemical fluxes between soil, rock and groundwater, and evaluate the emission risks of historical mine waste. 

This purpose the present author has thought to achieve by a preliminary survey of the historical background of medical herbalism, followed by an explanation and discussion of the philosophy upon which the herbal practitioner of to-day bases his work. The greater part of the book is devoted to the cyclopaedic dictionary of medicinal and other herbs, with their natural order, botanical and common names and synonyms, their habitats, distinctive features, the parts employed and the therapeutic properties, with uses and dosage. 

This chapter begins with some historical background to put NMR into perspective and concludes with a survey of the topics that we shall examine in the remainder of the book. 

The subject of the chemical synthesis of formose sugars, including the historical background, the results of kinetic studies and a rdsumd of biological tests, have been summarized by Mizuno and Weiss.Some chemical aspects of the formose reaction have also been surveyed in Japanese papers." The review " covers the literature up to 1971, which roughly coincides with the period covered in the previous report in this series. In the subsequent years, efforts have been continued to evaluate the influence of various factors affecting the yield and composition of the formose sugars. 

For the orientation of the reader, we summarize the fundamental elements of the characteristic features of the doublelayer model relating to the specific adsorption on the basis of the corresponding lUPAC recommendations (1). For a detailed survey including historical background, see elsewhere [2-7]. 

Subsequent chapters in this treatise describe modern applications of KB theory in detail. That is why the last several paragraphs of this historical introduction have been somewhat brief and relatively devoid of references to the literature. So, let us end this brief background survey by merely mentioning some other applications of KB theory that have been made applications to systems containing solutes of biological interest, solubility (both under normal and supercritical conditions), as well as to... 

The electrical properties of heterogeneous media have been modeled for over 100 years. Meredith and Tobias [1962], Mitoff [1968], and McLachlan et al. [1990] have given clear accounts of their scope and vahdity. However, since these articles cover the case where the conductivity or permittivity are real, which normally means dc conductivity or permittivity of loss-free dielectrics, they are not directly apphca-ble to IS. AC properties have been discussed by Wimmer, Graham, and Tallan [1974] with special reference to ceramics. The dielectric literature has been reviewed by van Beek [1965], while Dukhin and Shilov [1974] have described models that include the effects of the interfacial double layer. Sihvola [1999] has produced a comprehensive survey of the properties of mixed phase systems with coverage of the historical and theoretical background. 

A consideration of the respiratory enzymes should reasonably include not only reactions which directly involve electron transport but also those which alter the metabolites in other ways, and which are nonetheless essential links in the chain of events that result in respiration. Other chapters deal with these reactions, such as deaminations and transaminations, carboxylations and decarboxylations, transphosphorylations, etc. In this chapter we will be concerned only with those steps in the metabolic pathway which are directly concerned with electron transport. The rapid and extensive developments in this phase of biochemistry as well as its rich historical background have been covered in excellent reviews which have appeared in recent years. Here we will attempt only to survey the field in a general way and to highlight some of the recent contributions that point to new directions. 

The exact composition of the material contained within each flask is imknown due to the variable nature of material between flasks, restricted access for sampling and survey due to the high radioactive background activity of the area in which the waste is stored and a lack of historical record regarding spillages and generation of waste. 

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