Bacillus subtilis from spectra

Figure 12.3 M ALDI analysis of peptides from Bacillus subtilis sp. 168 vegetative cells prepared in situ.87 (a) Survey spectrum of peptide products. Protein assignments are listed in the figure, (b) Spectrum of product ions of unimolecular decomposition of the peptide with m z 2606.

Recently, the synthesis of l-deoxy-3-O-phosphono-D-glycerol-l-yl-P-D-gluco-pyranoside disodium salt 27 and its L-glycerol-l-yl isomer 31 was described 45). Compound 27 is a repeating unit of TA chains from Bacillus subtilis var. niger WM (formula 3). Both 27 and 31 were obtained mainly to record their l3C-NMR spectra to be further compared with the spectrum of the naturally occurring teichoic acid. Thus, 27 was prepared in a few-step synthesis as shown below ... 

Examples of other antibacterial crude extracts from the Anthemideae tribe also included methanol extracts of the leaves of Tagetes terniflora Kunth [39], the benzene fraction of Vernonia cinerea L. which exhibited a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity against Bacillus subtilis and Pseudomonas aeruginosa [40], Aster ageratoides Turcz. [41] and Xanthium strumarium L. extracts which were active against several strains of bacteria, yeasts and fungi [42]. 

In continuing their evaluation of the medicinal claims of Tabemaemon-tana dichotoma, Perera et al. screened the tertiary alkaloid fraction derived from the stem and root bark of this plant for antimicrobial activity. These were found to have a broad spectrum of activity against Bacillus subtilis, S. aureus, E. coli, C. albicans, and Aspergillus niger (126), justifying the use of aqueous extracts of this plant to heal wounds in traditional medicine (134). Monogagaine (181), a new bisindole alkaloid isolated from T. dicho-toma stem bark, exhibited antibacterial activity against B. subtilis (104). 

Figure 13.12 MALDI spectra of the tryptic digests generated in situ from (a) Bacillus subtilis 168, (b) Bacillus anthracis Sterne, (c) Bacillus cereus T, (d) Bacillus thuringiensis subs. Kurstaki HD-1 and (e) Bacillus globigii spores, and analyzed with the miniaturized TOF mass spectrometer. Peaks that were matched to peptides in the SASP database are numbered 1-39. Peaks that occur in more than one spectrum carry the same number. (Reprinted with permission from ref. 37).

There are two kinds of SAR activator biotic and abiotic. Biotic activators include extracts from plants and microbes. For example, excellent control of powdery mildews was observed by application of extract of Rheynoutria sachalinensis the extracts from Bacillus subtilis have been shown to induce resistance in barley, especially against powdery mildew. It was reported that some plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria may be able to protect plants from foliar diseases when used as a seed treatment or by seed soaking. A strain of Pseudomonas was found to be able to protect cucumber against broad spectrum of diseases. Chitosan and laminarin are two typical resistance-related biotic molecules. Biotic plant activators harpin and ComCat have been commercialized. 

A unique approach to ejq)and substrate spectra of P450s to noimatural compounds without mutagenesis or substrate engineering has been described [144]. Substrate-like decoy molecules were employed to extend the substrate spectrum of the natural fatly acid perojgrgenase CYP152A1 (P450g3p) from Bacillus subtilis. The decoy molecule (a short chain fatty acid) is able... 

The azirinomycin (12), 3-methyl-2H-azirine-2-carboxylic acid, was isolated from a strain of Streptomyces aureus. Its methyl ester (13) exhibited broad spectrum antibiotic activity in vitro against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria [33, 34]. The carboxylic acid (12) is most active against Staphylococcus aureus followed by Proteus vulgaris. Bacillus subtilis, and Streptococcus faecalis. In contrast, the methyl ester shows its lowest activities against one of the Staphylococcus aureus cultures and Streptococcus faecalis. 

The relative contributions of the direct Cu-Cu bond and the superexchange interactions to the Cua electronic structure have been evaluated via comparative studies on the Cua sites from Bacillus subtilis CcO, engineered azurin, and ami-cyanin vs. a mixed-valence model complex by Tolman and coworkers [69,73]. The model complex has two thiolate bridges and complete electron delocalization, evidenced by the characteristic EPR spectrum with a seven-line hyperfine splitting pattern (g gy, = 2.204, 2.046, 2.010, and = 35 x 10 cm , = 51 x 10 ... 

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