Esterase Bacillus

Mueller RF, Nielsen PH (1996) Characterization of thermophilic consortia from tTwo souring oil reservoirs. Appl Environ Mcrobiol 62 3083-3087 Niazi JH, Prasad DT, Karegoudar TB (2001) Initial degradation of dimethylphtha-late by esterases from Bacillus species. FEMS Microbiol Lett 196 201-205 Obst M, Krug A, Luftmann H, Steinbuchel A (2005) Degradation of cyanophycin by Sedimentibacter hongkongensis strain KI and Citrobacter amalonaticus... 

En me Treatment of LCCs. Purified Bacillus circulans xylanase (specific activity, 110 units/mg protein), purified Coriolus versicolor )9-mannanase (specific activity 179 units/mg protein), purified Thermoascus aurianticum /8-glucosidase (specific activity, 150 units/mg protein), and purified Schizophyllum commune acetyl xylan esterase (AXE specific activity, 180 units/mg protein) were used. Unit activity for xylanase and )9-mannanase was defined as the amount of enzyme catalyzing the release of 1 /xmol reducing power per minute at 50°C and pH 6.0 using oat spelts... 

Figure 8. Enzymatic preparation of (S)- and (R)-furyl methyl carbinol. TADH, Thermoanaerobium brokii alcohol dehydrogenase (NADPH was regenerated by glucose/glucose dehydrogenase from Bacillus cereus obtained from Amano.) CCL, lipase from Candida cvlindraceae ChE, cholesterol esterase from Pseudomonas.

In addition to cutinases, various lipases, such as from C. antarctica, Candida sp. [13, 47], Thermomyces lanuginosus [2, 14, 15, 55, 56], Burkholderia (formerly Pseudomonas) cepacia [57] and esterases from Pseudomonas sp. (serine esterase) [58] and Bacillus sp. (nitrobenzyl esterases) [59, 60], have shown PET hydrolase... 

Other similar lipase/esterase resolution processes have been developed such as the use of Bacillus that esterase to produce the substituted propanoic acids that are precursors of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drags, snch as naproxen and ibuprofen etc., and the formation of chiral amines by Celgene. Other methods start from prochiral precursors and have the advantage that enantioselective synthesis allows the production of particular isomers in yields approaching 100%, rather than the 50% yields characteristic of resolution processes. For instance Hoechst have patented the production of enantiomers using Pseudomonas fluorescens lipase to either acylate diols or hydrolyse diacetate esters. 

Esterases are much less tolerant of anhydrous media than lipases. The esterases from Bacillus stearothermophilus (BstE) and Bacillus subtilis (BsE) are exceptional, as these mediated transesterification in hexane at aw=0.1 [66]. Both esterases, if immobilized on Celite 560, mediated transesterification in [BMIm][BF4], [BMIm][PF6], and [BMIm][ Tf2N] at a rate that varied from 20 to 60% of the rate in hexane or ME. 

Cloned esterase (isolated from Bacillus subtilis and cloned in E. coli), cheap and easy to produce... 

Plettner E., DeSantis G., Stabile M. and Jones J. B. (1999) Modulation of esterase and amidase activity of subtilisin Bacillus lentus by chemical modification of cysteine mutants. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 121, 4977-4981. 

Bacillus subtilis /zNB esterase is a member of the a./(3 hydrolase fold family (Moore and Arnold, 1996 Ollis et al., 1992). The canonical a/j3 hydrolase fold consists of a mostly parallel eight-stranded [3 sheet surrounded on both sides by a helices (Nardini and Dijkstra, 1999). p B esterase contains 489 amino acids arranged in a central thirteen-stranded f3 sheet that is surrounded by fifteen a helices (Fig. 12, see color insert). Similar to the structure of acetylcholine esterase (Sussman et al., 1991), a large fraction of the pSB esterase structure has no defined secondary structure (52% random coil, 33% a helix, and 14% /3 sheet). This high degree of random coil structure is allowed in the a/(3 hydrolase fold, where large insertions in loops were found to be tolerated while still maintaining catalytic activity (Nardini and Dijkstra, 1999). 

More recent staining procedures largely use fluorescent dyes to characterize the physiological and biochemical states of cells. Fluorescein Diacetate (FDA), a non-polar substance which crosses the membrane and is hydrolyzed by intracellular esterases in viable cells to produce fluorescein, exhibits yellow-green fluorescence when excited at 490 nm. Damaged or non-viable cells in general are unable to hydrolyze FDA or to retain fluorescein within the cell [172,173]. In combination with Ethidium Homodimer or Propidium Iodide, a similar esterase substrate, calcein acetoxy methyl ester (CAM) has been found to be reliable for viability assessment of protozoans, but not on Candida yeast, neither on bacteria such as Bacillus cereus and Escherichia coli [174]. 

Enzyme-catalyzed hydrolysis, exploiting the esterase activity of proteases such as trypsin and chymotrypsint ° l or carboxypeptidase has opened alternative routes to the deprotection of several peptide methyl, ethyl, and ferf-butyl esters. In fact, methyl, ethyl, and benzyl esters are successfully hydrolyzed from protected peptides using the alkaline protease from Bacillus subtilis or alcalase from Bacillus licheniformis which accepts... 

An enzyme which generally displays a high esterase/protease ratio, such as the alkaline protease from Bacillus subtilis DY, selectively removes methyl, ethyl, and benzyl esters from a variety of Trt-, Z-, and Boc-protected di- and tripeptides and a pentapeptide at pH 8 and 37 °C (Scheme 14).P9]... 

Niazi JH, Prasad DT, Karegoudar TB. Initial degradation of dimethyl phthalate by esterases from Bacillus species. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2001 196(2) 201-205. 

S)-Naproxen and (S)-ibuprofen by enantioselective ester hydrolysis Esterase (bacillus)... 

Esterase from Bacillus suhtilis (BsubpNBE), 16-77% yield. ... 

Esterase from Bacillus suhtilis (BS2) or lipase from Candida antarctica, 39-99% yield. Methyl esters are also cleaved. 

Persson M, Bomscheuer UT (2003) Increased stabihty of an esterase from Bacillus subtilis in ionic liquids as compared to organic solvents. J Mol Catal B-Enzym 22 21-27... 

More recently acids have been resolved with enzymes cloned and over-expressed in their own organisms, such as an esterase from Bacillus subtilis that resolves ibuprofen methyl ester 138 to give ibuprofen 139 of 99% ee. A range of anti-inflammatory arylpropionic esters, including 138, could also be resolved with a cell-free extract from Pseudomonas fluorescens showing that purified enzymes are not essential.34... 

Bacillus sp. (Nitro-benzyl- esterases) Hydrolysis of polyethylene terephthalate) oligomers [61, 62]... 

Similarly, chemotactic behaviour of bacteria is controlled by Ca . Mobile bacteria swim towards certain chemicals and away from others. Such bacteria can swim smoothly in a straight line or tumble, which results in random changes in direction. When heading towards repellents bacteria tumble more frequently to increase the probability of swimming away. Influx of Ca causes tumbling. Such behaviour has been found for Bacillus subtilis but apparently not for E. co/i. Calcium accelerates the swimming speed of Chlamydomonas reinhardii and regulates reverse motion in phototactically active Phormidium uncinatum and Halobacterium halobium. Phototaxis in H. halobium involves a methylation-demethylation process which is calcium dependent. Attractant stimuli raise the level of methylation of membrane proteins, while repellent stimuli cause demethylation and the enhanced opportunity for reversal of direction. Ca " " deactivates the methyl transferase and activates a methyl esterase. ... 

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