B-Hydroxy butyrate

Grassie, N. and Murray, E. J., The thermal degradation of Poly(-D)-b-hydroxy-butyric acid. Part 1. Identification and quantititative analysis of products, Polym. Deg Stab., 6, 47, 1984. 

Sayyed, R. Z. and Chincholkar, S. B. (2004). Production of Poly -b-hydroxy butyrate (PHB) from Alcaligenes faecalis. Indian Journal of Microbiology 44(4), 269-272. 

Methyl 4-[2-endo-hydroxy-l-exo-hydroxymethyl-3a,8b-cis-2,3,3a,8b-tetrahydro-lH-5- cyclopenta[b]benzofuranyl]butyrate ... 

To a solution of 350 mg of methyl 4-[2-endo-hydroxy-l-exo-hydroxymethyl-3a,8b-cis-2,3,3a,8b-tetrahydro-lH-5-cyclopenta[b]benzofranyl]butyrate in 3.5 ml of anhydrous dimethylformamide cooled in an ice bath were added 140 mg of imidazole and 360 mg of t-butyldimethylsilyl chloride, and after the mixture was stirred for 3 hours at room temperature, dimethylformamide was removed under reduced pressure. The residue was dissolved in a mixture of 10 ml of acetic anhydride and 5 ml of pyridine. After the mixture was stirred for 2 hours at room temperature, the reaction mixture was concentrated. 

Fig. 4.4 Phenotype of 4-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase-positive (A) and lipase/esterase-positive (B) E. coli clones. A, 4-Hydroxy-butyrate dehydrogenase-positive clones are marked by arrows. Tetrazolium indicator plates [37] containing 4-hydroxybutyrate as test substrate were employed for the screening procedure [9], Positive clones were identified by formation of a deep-red formazan inside the colonies. B, Lipase/esterase activity of the clones was detected on LB agar [32] containing tributyrin as test substrate [14]. Zones of clearance around the colonies were indicative for lipase/ esterase activity.

Levitsky, L, L Fisher, D, E, Paton, J. B., and Delannoy, C. W, (1977). Fasting pbsma levels of glucose, acetoacetate, hydroxy butyrate, glycerol, and lactate in the baboon in-... 

Asolutionwas made 1 M in the following compounds acetoacetate, pyruvate, hydroxy butyrate, and lactate, (a) Write an equation for a thermodynamically favorable oxidation-re ducdon reaction that could occur, (b) Identify the compounds that are... 

Problem 16.24 Write the structure for the lactone formed on heating in the presence of acid (a) y-hydroxy-butyric acid, (b) 5-hydroxyvaleric acid. 

Ostwald, J. Dommerich, S. Nischan, C. andKiamp, B. [In vitro culture of cells from respiratory mucosa on foils of coUagen, poly-L-lactide (PLLA) and poly-3-hydroxy-butyrate (PHB)]. Latyngorhinootol. 2003,82(10), 693-699, [Article in Germany]. 

Nebe, B. et al. Structural alterations of adhesion mediating components in cells cultured on poly-beta-hydroxy butyric acid. Biomater. 2001, 22(17), 2425-2434. 

Livshits, V. A. et al. Microspheres based on poly(3-hydroxy )butyrate for prolonged drug release. Polym. Sci. Series B. 2009, 51(7-8), 256-263. 

Balaji, S., Gopi, K.,Lavanya, B. and Muthuvelan, B. (2012) Isolation and optimization of poly p hydroxy-butyrate producing cyanobacterial strains. International Journal of Applied Biology and Pharmaceutical Technology, 3(1), 137-145. 

Anderson AJ, Dawes EA (1990) Occurrence, metabolism, metabolic role, and industrial uses of bacterial polyhydroxyalkanoates. Microbiol Rev 54 450 72 Aneja P, Dai M, Lacorre DA, PUlon B, Charles TC (2004) Heterologous complementation of the exopolysaccharide synthesis and carbon utilization phenotypes of Sinorhizobium meliloti Rml021 polyhydroxyalkanoate synthesis mutants. FEMS Microbiol Lett 39 277-283 Arora NK, Singhal V, Maheshwari DK (2006) Salinity-induced accumulation of poly- 3-hydroxy-butyrate in rhizobia indicating its role in cell protection. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 22 603-606... 

Bertrand J-L, Ramsay BA, Ramsay JA, Chavarie C (1990) Biosynthesis of poly-6-hydioxyalkanoates from pentoses by Pseudomonas pseudoflava. Appl Environ Microbiol 56 3133-3138 Borah B, Thakur PS, Nigam JN (2002) The influence of nutritional and enviromnental conditions on the accumulation of poly-fi-hydroxy-butyrate in Bacillus mycoides RLJ B-017. J Appl Microbiol 92 776-783... 

Avella M, Martuscelli E, Pascucci B et al (1993) A new class of biodegradable materials poly-3-hydroxy-butyrate/steam exploded straw fiber composites. I. Thermal and impact behavior. J Appl Polym Sci 49 2091-2103... 

Yasin, M, Tighe, B.J. (1992) Polvmers for biodegradable medical devices. Uii. hydroxy butyrate-hydroxyvalerate copolymers physical and degradative properties of blends with polycaprolactone. Biomaterials, 13, 9-16. 

Holland B.J., Hay J.N. The thermal degradation of poly(vinyl alcohol). Polymer 42 (2004) 6775. Lai S.-M., Don T.-M., Huang Y.-C. Preparation and properties of biodegradable thermoplastic starch/poly(hydroxy butyrate) blends, J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 100 (2006) 2371. 

Shahin MM, Olley RH (2002) Novel etching phenomena in poly(3-hydroxy butyrate) and poly (oxymethylene) spherulites. J Polym Sci B Polym Phys 40 124—133 Shahin MM, Olley RH, Blissett MJ (1999) Refinement of etching techniques to reveal lamellar profiles in polyethylene banded spherulites. J Polym Sci Polym Polym Phys 37 2279-2286 Shanks RA, Amarasinghe G (2000) Crystallisation of blends of LLDPE with branched VLDPE. Polymer 41 4579 587... 

Poly(b-hydroxybutyric acid), PHBA 3-hydroxy butyrate-valerate copolymer Polylactic acid, PLA, polyglycolides, polybutyric acid or copolymers of butyric and valeric acid... 

Karpova, S. G., lordanskii, A. L., Popov, A. A., Shilkina, N. G., Lomakin, S. M., Shcherbina, M. A., Chvalun, S. N., Berlin, A. A., Effect of External Influences on the Structural and Dynamic Parameters of Poly hydroxy butyrate-hydroxy valerate Based Biocomposites. Russian Journal of Physical Chemistry B, 2012,6 (1), 72-80. 

Land, J.M., Mowbray, J. and Clark, J.B. (1976), Control of pyruvate and )8-hydroxy-butyrate utilisation in rat brain mitochondria and its relationship to phenylketonuria and maple syrup urine disease. J. Neurochem., 26,223. 

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