B Carbonates

Almost all the calcium carbonate that is formed both on the land surface and in the oceans today is produced by living organisms, and it is likely that most of the CaC03-reservoir of the crust is derived from biologically produced limestone (Monty in Westbroek, 1983) 80). Carbonate minerals are also by far the most widely utilized bioinorganic constituents. 

The literature indicates that consideration must be given to different processes of biological carbonate deposition  

The carbonate sediments resulting from the above noted processes are extremely rich in different particle forms such as onkoids, spherulites, flakes, filaments, 

---

Fig. 4.6 Plat of the net differential heat of adsorption q — qj against the relative adsorption n/no.j, where H(,.2 is the adsorption at p/p° = 0-2. (A) active carbon (B) carbon black. (After Dubinin.)...

Fig. 9. Effect of time and storage temperatures. A, 40°C B, 20°C and C, 0°C, on relative discharge performance of fresh and aged "D"-si2e cells on simulated radio use, 25- Q 4-h/d test for (a) alkaline—manganese, and (b) carbon—2inc batteries (22).

Fig. 1. Atomic stmctuial models of (a), graphite, and (b), carbon black.

Rand, B., Carbon fibres from mesophase pitch. In Handbook of Composites, Vol. I Strong Fibres, ed. W. Watt and B. V. Perov. North-Holland, Amsterdam, 1985, pp. 495 575. 

Fig. 5. Acetylene decomposition on Co-HY (973 K, 30 minutes) (a) encapsulated metal particle (b) carbon filaments (A) and tubules of small diameters (B) on the surface of the catalyst.

Onion-like graphitic clusters have also been generated by other methods (a) shock-wave treatment of carbon soot [16] (b) carbon deposits generated in a plasma torch[17], (c) laser melting of carbon within a high-pressure cell (50-300 kbar)[l8]. For these three cases, the reported graphitic particles display a spheroidal shape. 

This is of more significance in corrosive or polymer-forming services than in clean hydrocarbon or air applications. For example in hydrogen chloride and chlorine service using cylinders with either (a) cast iron liners or (b) carbon piston rings, a speed of around 600 ft per min is acceptable. 

Procedure B (carbonate-free sodium hydroxide). Dissolve 50 g of sodium hydroxide in 50 mL of distilled water in a Pyrex flask, transfer to a 75 mL test-tube of Pyrex glass, and insert a well-fitting stopper covered with tin foil. Allow it to stand in a vertical position until the supernatant liquid is clear. For a 0.1 M sodium hydroxide solution carefully withdraw, using a pipette fitted with a filling device, 6.5 mL of the concentrated clear solution into a 1 L bottle or flask, and dilute quickly with 1 L of recently boiled-out water. 

Identify the following elements as metals, nonmetals, or metalloids (a) aluminum (b) carbon (c) germanium ... 

Rare-earth (and actinide)-B-carbon compounds resemble metal borides in B-rich carboborides, whereas the physical and structural properties of C-rich borocarbides tend to a more earbide-like behavior (which will not be covered in this context). 

Donnet, J.B., Carbon Black, Marcel Dekker, New York, 1993. 

B. Carbon—Carbon and Carbon—Nitrogen Bond Formation. 208... 

Mikami M, Hatano M, Akiyama K (2005) Active Pd(II) Complexes as Either Lewis Acid Catalysts or Transition Metal Catalysts. 14 279-322 Minatti A, DOtz KH (2004) Chromium-Templated Benzannulation Reactions. 13 123-156 Miura M, Satoh T (2005) Catalytic Processes Involving b-Carbon Elimination. 14 1-20 Miura M, Satoh T (2005) Arylation Reactions via C-H Bond Cleavage. 14 55-84 Mizobe Y, see Hidai M (1999) 3 227-241... 

C03-0107. What species are present in solution when the following compounds dissolve in water (a) ammonium sulfate (b) carbon dioxide (c) sodium fluoride (d) potassium carbonate (e) sodium hydrogen sulfate and (f) chlorine. 

Figure 1.107. Frequency histogram for S C of type-A(a) and type B (b) carbonates (Shikaz.ono, 1989).

Dissolve 71 g. of P-methylnaphthalene in 460 g. (283 ml.) of A.B. carbon tetrachloride and place the solution in a 1 -litre three-necked flask equipped with a mechanical stirrer and reflux condenser. Introduce 89 g. of JV-bromosuccinimide through the third neck, close the latter with a stopper, and reflux the mixture with stirring for 16 hours. Filter ofiT the succinimide and remove the solvent under reduced pressure on a water bath. Dissolve the residual brown oil (largely 2-bromomethyl naphthalene) in 300 ml. of A.R. chloroform, and add it to a rapidly stirred solution of 84 g. of hexamine in 150 ml. of A.R. chloroform contained in a 2-litre three-necked flask, fitted with a reflux condenser, mechanical stirrer and dropping funnel maintain the rate of addition so that the mixture refluxes vigorously. A white solid separates almost immediately. Heat the mixture to reflux for 30 minutes, cool and filter. Wash the crystalline hexaminium bromide with two 100 ml. portions of light petroleum, b.p. 40-60°, and dry the yield of solid, m.p. 175-176°, is 147 g. Reflux the hexaminium salt for 2 hours with 760 ml. of 60 per cent, acetic acid, add 160 ml. of concentrated hydrochloric acid, continue the refluxing for 5 minutes more, and cool. Extract the aldehyde from the solution with ether, evaporate the ether, and recrystallise the residue from hot -hexane. The yield of p-naphthaldehyde, m.p. 69-60°, is 60 g. 

FIG. 3. Absolute atomic concentrations in units of 10 al./cm. determined by ERD. RBS, and optical reflection and transmission spectroscopy, of (a) hydrogen, (b) carbon, and (c) silicon as a function of the carbon fraction. v. Results are presented for the series ASTI (filled circles), AST2 (filled triangles), ATLl (open circles), and ATL2 (open triangles). (From R. A. C. M. M. van Swaaij. Ph.D. Thesis, Universiteit Utrecht. Utrecht, the Netherlands, 1994. with permission.)... 

Fig. 15a,b Carbon-13 spectra of compound 1. a Protons broad-band decoupled b carbon-proton coupling present (gated decoupling)... 

---