Audio Engineering

Reprinted with permission from [Beerends and Stemerdink, 1992], Audio Engineering Society, 1992)... 

Fielder, 1989] Fielder, L. D. (1989). Fluman Auditory Capabilities and Their Consequences for Digital Audio Converter Design. In Pohlmann, K., editor, Audio in Digital Times, pages 45-62. Audio Engineering Society. 

Samson, 1980] Samson, P. R. (1980). A General-Purpose Digital Synthesizer. J. of the Audio Engineering Society, 28(3) 106-113. 

Zwicker and Zwicker, 1991] Zwicker, E. and Zwicker, U. T. (1991). Audio engineering and psychoacoustics Matching signals to the final receiver, the human auditory system. J. Audio Eng. Soc., 39(3) 115-126. 

Another reason for the success of STSA techniques in the field of audio engineering is maybe the fact that they have a very intuitive interpretation they extend to a large number of sub-bands the principle of well known analog devices used for signal enhancement, such as the noise gate [Moorer and Berger, 1986] (see also [Etter and Moschytz, 1994] for a link with compandors). 

Chowning, 1973] Chowning, J. (1973). The synthesis of complex audio spectra by means of frequency modulation. Journal of the Audio Engineering Society, 21(7) 526-534. (Reprinted in Roads and Strawn, Foundations of Computer Music,... 

James Andy Moorer. The Use of the Phase Vocoder in Computer Music Applications. Journal of the Audio Engineering Society 26 (1/2) 42—45(1978). 

J. Chowning. The Synthesis of Complex Audio Spectra by Means of Frequency Modulation. Journal of the Audio Engineering Society 21(7) 1973. Reprinted in Computer Music Journal 1(2) 1977. Reprinted m Foundations of Computer Music, edited by C. Roads and J. Strawn. Cambridge MIT Press, 1985. 

Perry Cook. Modeling Bid s Gait Anaiysis and Parametric Synthesis of Walking Sounds, Audio Engineering Society 22" International Conference on Virtual, Synthetic and Entertainment Audio (2002). 

J. Borishand J.B. Angell, An Effident Algorithm for Measuring the Impulse Response Using Pseudorandom Noise, Journal of the Audio Engineering Society, vol. 31, no. 7/8, pp. 478 88, 1983. 

Audio engineering is the capture, enhancement, and reproduction of sounds. It requires an aesthetic appreciation of music and sound quality, a scientific understanding of sound physics, and a technical fe-miliarity with recording equipment and computer software. This applied science is essential to the music industry, film, television, and video game production, live television and radio broadcasting, and advertising. In addition, it contributes to educational services for the visually impaired and to forensic evidence analysis. 

Audio engineering, also known as sound engineering and audio technology, is the recording. 

Sound capture and reproduction, and thus audio engineering, began with the invention of the phonograph by Thomas Alva Edison in 1877. Sound wreis recorded on cylinders the first were wrapped in tin foil and later ones in wax. By 1910, cylinders were replaced with disks, which held longer recordings, were somewhat louder, and could be more economically mass-produced. The disks were spun on a turntable at standard speeds—initially 78 revolutions per minute (rpm). Larger disks were played at 33 rpm and smaller disks were played at 45 rpm. Discs were... 

Instrumental and Vocal Music. As specialists in the capture, enhancement, and reproduction of sound, audio engineers are crucial to successful recording sessions. They collaborate with producers and performers technically to generate the shared artistic vision. They determine the choice and placement of microphones and closely scrutinize the parameters of the incoming signals to collect sufficient data with which to work. They manage the scheduling of studio... 

Audio engineers are also responsible for the restoration of classic recordings that would otherwise be lost. They rescue the raw data that was captured in the first recording, strengthen the sound while preserving the style of the original period, and return it to audiences in a contemporary format. 

Because musicians go on concert tours, audio engineers accompany them to provide optimum live sound quality in each different venue. They conduct sound checks before performances and make adjustments for conditions such as wind on outdoor stages. 

Film and Television. In the recording studio, audio engineers oversee the production of music soundtracks for films and television shows. Unlike songs that stand alone, the music must be carefully synchronized to the action of the film. It must also swell and ebb with precision to arouse audience emotion. 

Radio and Television Commercials. Audio engineers are instrumental in the production of radio and television commercials, not only for their recording and sound-processing skills but also for their production skills. Because advertising time is sold in specific brief allotments, engineers must encourage the actors to perform at an accelerated pace and later edit the audio to fit within the time allowed. They may... 

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