Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder functional

Vaidya, C.J., Austin, G., Kirkorian, G., Ridlehuber, H.W., Desmond, J.E., et al. (1998) Selective effects of methylphenidate in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder a functional magnetic resonance study. Proc Nat Acad Sci USA 95 14494—14499. 

Barkley, R.A., Edwards, G., Laneri, M., Fletcher, K., and Metevia, I. (2001) Executive functioning, temporal discounting, and sense of time in adolescents with attention-deficit/ hyperactivity disorder (ADEID) and Oppositional-Defiant Disorder (ODD), Abnorm Child Psychol 29 541-556. 

Pliszka, S.R. (2000) Comparing the effects of stimulant and nonstimulant agents on catecholamine function implications for theories of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). In Solanto, M. and Castellanos, X., eds. The Neuropharmacology of Psychostimulant Drugs Implications for AD/HD, 1st ed. New York Oxford University Press, pp. 141-160. 

Arnsten, A.F.T., Steere, J.C., and Hunt, R.D. (1996) The contribution of Cti noradrenergic mechanisms to prefrontal cortical cognitive functions potential significance to attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry 53 448 55. 

Younger children with manic symptoms tend to have severe functional impairment and comorbid psychopathology such as anxiety dysregulation, disruptive behaviors, and developmental delays that further complicate their clinical picture. In addition, these children may have mood symptoms that merge with other disorders, making manic episodes difficult to define. Irritability is part of the clinical picture of depression, anxiety, attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and oppositional defiant disorder (ODD). Poor concen-... 

The co-3 fatty acids have numerous important functions, especially in the brain. Accordingly, a deficiency of DHA and EPA may cause dysfunction of the central nervous system and probably also the retina, thereby resulting in impaired vision. In addition, there is a variety of neurological and psychiatric disorders that have been associated with decreased levels of especially DHA and AA, such as, for example, schizophrenia and depression [3], post-traumatic stress syndrome, autism and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Since no primary inherited defect of essential fatty acid interconversion has yet been described, no specific explanations for the essential fatty acid concentration changes are readily available. 

ATTENTION DEFICIT HYPERACTIVITY DISORDER (ADHD) A mental disorder characterized by persistent impulsive behavior, difficulty concentrating, and hyperactivity that causes lowered social, academic, or occupational functioning. 

Initial reports of deficiencies of essential fatty acids among children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder and dyslexia raised the promise of potential nondrug treatments. Convincing treatment data from interventional trials has not yet been reported. (Stevens et al. (1995) found that 53 subjects with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder had significantly lower concentrations of AA, EPA. and DHA in plasma polar phospholipids when compared to 43 control subjects. (Stordy 1995) has described decreased rod function comparing 10 young dyslexics to 10 controls. In an open trial, supplementation... 

Executive function deficits are common among people with FASD, and such deficits are related to crime. Sixty percent of FASD individuals have a history of trouble with the law and 50 percent have been in jail or prison at one time or another. Executive function deficits are also common in other disorders, such as attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, autism, various learning disabilities, and traumatic brain injury.27... 

Pemoline (cyleri, others), structurally dissimilar to methylphenidate, elicits similar changes in CNS function with minimal effects on the cardiovascular system. It is a schedule IV-controlled substance in the U.S. and is used in treating attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. It can be given once daily because of its long t. Clinical improvement may require treatment for 3 weeks. Pemoline has been associated with severe hepatic failure. 

Russell, V., VUliers, A.D., Sagvolden,T., Lamm, M., and Tal-jaard, J. (1995) Altered Dopaminergic Function in the Prefrontal Cortex, Nucleus Accumbens and Caudate Putamen of an Animal Model of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder—The Spontaneously Hypertensive Rat, Brain Res. 676, 343-351. 

American Academy of Pediatrics 2000. Clinical practice guideline Diagnosis and evaluation of the child with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Pediatrics 105 1158-1170 American Psychiatric Association 1994. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders DSM-IV. American Psychiatric Association, Washington, DC Arnsten A. F. T. 1998. Catecholamine modulation of prefrontal cortical cognitive function. Trends Cogn. Sci. 2 436-447... 

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