Atra zine

At the City of Lincoln, Nebraska, Water Treatment Plant Laboratory, the concentrations of various agricultural chemicals found in the raw water, especially herbicides (such as atra-zine) in the water, are important to determine. The method of choice is a gas chromatography method with a nitrogen-phosphorus detector (NPD). 

Shapir N, Osborne JP, Johnson G, Sadowsky MJ, Wackett LP (2002) Purification, substrate range, and metal center of AtzC The n-isopropylammeUde aminohydrlaze involved in bacterial atra-zine metabolism. J Bacteriology 184 5376-5384... 

In general most of the pesticide residues are immobilized on soil particles, although in some cases, such as alachlor, atra-zine, benomyl, diphenamid, EPTC, naptalam and propachlor, significant amounts were found in the liquid phase. This presence in the liquid phase, which is primarily aqueous, can cause environmental problems if the liquid contents are lost due to leakage. 

Further radiolabeled ligand-binding assays have been reported for a wide variety of analytes, namely morphine and leu-enkephaline [30], (S )-propanolol [33], atra-zine [47], 17-jS-estradiol [59], 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) [32], yohimbine and corynanthine [60], and corticosterone/cortisol [29]. Other assays are summarized in Table 3. 

Lehoczki, E., E. Polos, G. Laskay, and T. Farkas (1985). Chemical compositions and physical states of chloroplast lipids related to atra-zine resistance in Conyza canadensis L. Plant Sci., 42 19-24. 

Pelizzetti, E., V. Maurino, C. Minero, V. Carlin, E. Pramauro, O. Zerbinati, and M.L. Tosato (1990a). Photocatalytic degradation of atra-zine and other. v-tnazine herbicides. Environ. Sci. Technol., 24 1559-1565. 

Lin, C.H., R.N. Lerch, H.E. Garrett, and M.F. George (2004). Incorporating forage grasses in riparian buffers for bioremediation of atra-zine, isoxaflutole, and nitrate in Missouri. Agroforest. Syst., 63(1) 91-99. 

Solutions (250 ppm) of Triton X-100, a commercial ethoxylated nonionic surfactant, were administered to excised barley leaves. Partial inhibition of photosynthetic oxygen evolution occurred In tissue segments taken from the leaves after 5 h of exposure, but there was a partial recovery of activity by the excised leaves during the next 18 h. In contrast, treatments with 2 ppm atra-zine caused nearly complete and irreversible inhibition ( ). 

Fig. 15.6. LC/DAD chromatogram at 220 nm obtained after preconcentration of 100 mL of groundwater sample spiked at 1 /rg/L through (a) a blank cartridge prepared using a non-imprinted control polymer and (b) a cartridge prepared using a polymer imprinted with ter-butylazine. Peaks 1 = /eisopropylatrazine, 2 = feethylatrazine, 3 = simazine, 4 = atra-zine, 5 = propazine, 6 = terbutylazine and I.S. = diuron (internal standard).

Since a nitrile group addition to the triazine herbicide Atra-zine did not significantly detract from its field performance, we decided to examine what effect a nitrile group might have on the insecticidal and field performance of the highly successful corn rootworm insecticide ( 1, 2, terbufos, whose structure is shown below ... 

The results of a study using earthworms (Eisenia foetida) and atra-zine, phenanthrene, and naphthalene that had been incubated for increasing times in sterile soil (Kelsey and Alexander 1997) illustrated the effect of length of exposure to the toxicant, and were consistent with the increasing significance of aging. 

The biotransformation of 2,4,6-trihydroxy-l/3/5-triazine and atra-zine under anaerobic conditions by an unidentified facultative anaerobe (Jessee et al. 1983). 

Experiments have been carried out on the mineralization of atra-zine under various conditions (Burken and Schnoor 1996). Although in the absence of plants of poplar hybrids (Populus deltoides nigra DN34), root exudate resulted in only a slight stimulation on the mineralization of 14C-labeled atrazine, addition of crushed roots provided a greater positive effect. 

Laddok . [BASF AG] Bentazon, atra-zine herbicide for selective post-emergence control of broadleaf weeds. 

Larson et al. (1992b) discovered that ferric salts in weakly acidic solution were very significant promoters of photodecomposition of the triazine herbicides atra-zine, ametryn, prometon, and prometryn (Figure 6.21). As described earlier (Equa-... 

Gilman SD, Gee SJ, Hammock BD, etal. (1998) Analytical performance of accelerator mass spectrometry and liquid scintillation counting for detection of C-labeled atra-zine metabolites in human urine. Analytical Chemistry 70(16) 3463-3469. 

Bahic, S. Mutavdzic, D. Kastelan-Macan, M. SPE pieconcentration and TLC determination of alachlor, atra-zine, and alpha-cypermethrin in water samples. J. Planar Chromatogr.-Mod. TLC 2003,16 (2), 160 164. 

Photolytic. Pelizzetti et al. (1990) studied the aqueous photocatalytic degradation of prometon and other s -triazines (ppb level) using simulated sunlight (X >340 nm) and titanium dioxide as a photocatalyst. Prometon rapidly degraded forming cyanuric acid, nitrates, the intermediate tentatively identified as 2,4-diamino-6-hydroxy-7V, A -bis(l-meth-ylethyl)-l,3,5-triazine and other intermediate compounds similar to those found for atra-zine. Mineralization of cyanuric acid to carbon dioxide was not observed (Pelizzetti et al., 1990). 

Seven chlorotriazines (simazine, cyanazine, hydroxy- and deethyl-atrazine, atra-zine, deisopropylatrazine, chlorodiamino-.r-triazine) were baseline resolved in <14 min using a Cg column (thermospray MS) and a 20/80 —> 55/45 methanol/ water (50 mM ammonium acetate with 1% formic acid) gradient [216], Excellent peak shapes and good resolution were obtained. Detection limits in the 20 ng injected range were reported. The authors noted that these detection limits could not be achieved on a Cjg column. 

Zahradnickova, H., Simek, P., Horicova, P., and Triska, J. (1994). Determination of atra-zine and simazine in drinking and surface waters by solid phase extraction and high performance thin layer chromatography. J. Chromatogr., A 688 383-389. 

Herbicides are the most widely used type of pesticides, and triazines, N-arylcarbamates, and chlorophenoxy acids are among the most important classes of herbicides. Herbicides are used to control unwanted grasses and weeds in a variety of crops, such as cotton, alfalfa, sunflower, sorghum, rice, and a variety of fruits and vegetables. The following experiment involves the analysis of atra-zine as an example of the triazines, 2,4-D for the chlorophenoxy acid herbicides, and chlorpropham for the carbamates. 

Pesticides as well can be destroyed with PCO based processes aqueous alachor, atra-zine and diuron were efficiently treated with advanced oxidation processes comprising Fenton-based and Ti02-based catalyst systems with a compound parabolic collector pho-... 

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