ADP-ATP translocator

According to the methanochondrion concept ATP is synthesized by A/iH across internal membranes and ATP is transported from the organelle into the cytoplasm via an ATP/ADP translocator (for a cartoon see ref [162]). Thus, the observed uncoupler insensitivity of ATP synthesis might be explained on the assumption that the internal membranes are not accessible to these compounds. However, upon reinvestigation of the electron microscopic data and the adenine nucleotide transport this explanation could be ruled out the internal membranes which had been described in the literature for Methanobacterium thermoautotrophicum were found to be artefacts of fixation [163] (see also ref [164]). The adenine nucleotide transport could be explained by a tight and... 

In higher eukaryotes messenger RNAs for chloroplast and mitochondrial proteins have been localized exclusively to free and not membrane-bound polysomes [4,68]. In yeast, the situation is not as clear a portion of the polysomes for some of the proteins is found to be bound to mitochondria [69,70], This may only reflect the speed at which the import process occurs in the different organisms. Most of the cytoplasmically-synthesized precursors have amino terminal extensions varying in size and nature. The size variation goes from no extension (cytochrome c and ATP-ADP translocator) to approximately 12000 Da (proteolipid of the proton... 

Diterpenes (C20) can be linear as in the phytol part of chlorophyll or mono- to tetracyclic.87 Very well researched are the tricyclic taxanes of which taxol A from the Taxus baccata tree inhibits cell division and has found use in anticancer treatment. Certain labdanes inhibit blood platelet aggregation and kaurane norditer-pene glycosyl ester atractylosides from the Mediterranean thistle block the ATP/ADP translocation - such diterpenes are very toxic when ingested. Ubiquitous plant-derived kaurane-type diterpenes are the plant hormones (gibberellins) or defense substances (phytoalexins). 

The ATP/ADP translocator, also called adenine nucleotide translocase, plays a vital role in the metabolism of aerobic cells because mitochondrial ATP is primarily consumed outside the mitochondria to support biosynthetic reactions. The translocator is the most abundant protein in the mitochondrion two molecules per unit of respiratory... 

Inhibitors of adenine nucleotide (ATP/ADP) translocation. Bongkrekic acid binds to the ATP binding site, whereas atractyloside binds to the ADP binding site of the translocator. 

Seed storage metabolism involves the movement of intermediates between several distinct subcellular compartments including mitochondria, plastids and cytosol (Fait et al., 2006). In cells of heterotrophic embryos, ATP is mainly generated in bioenergetic organelles, the mitochondria, by respiration and is imported into plastids through ATP/ ADP translocators... 

A BN-PAGE gel for protein separation can be used instead of lEF as the first dimension of the gel electrophoresis. This technique was used on mitochondria samples from baker s yeast as shown on the left in Fig. 3.16. On this gel, different cuts were scanned for elements of interest like phosphorus and metals. The results from the LA-ICP-MS measurement of one cut can be seen in Fig. 3.16 on the right-hand side. For example, the protein in spot 59 was identified by a database search after MALDI-FTICR-MS see Fig. 3.16) as Aac2p (major mitochondrial ATP/ADP translocator). 

Very recently defined OXPHOS disorders include a defect in the malate-aspartate shuttle (Hayes et al. [11]), a patient with a disturbed protein import (Schapira et al. [12]), an ATP/ADP translocator deficiency (Bakker et al. [13]), and VDAC deficiency (Huizing et al. [14]). 

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