Phase-imaging atomic force microscopy

Raghavan, D. et al.. Mapping polymer heterogeneity using atomic force microscopy phase imaging and nanoscale indentation. Macromolecules 33, 2573-2583, 2000. 

Fig. 7 Typical tapping mode atomic force microscopy phase images from a thin diblock copolymer film PBh-PEO(3.7-1.1) showing the evolution of the pattern during annealing at 180 °C. Annealing time for A and B 5 min, C 30min, and D 120 min. The insets gives the corresponding Fourier transforms. The size of the images B, C and D is 1 x 1 p.m. Image (A) is a zoom-in on (B) with the size of 300 x 300 nm ...

Figure 6.7 Atomic force microscopy phase images for thin films of mixtures of polystyrene-poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) and PMMA-60 with various volume fractions (—H) (a) 0.18, (h) 0.33, (c) 0.55, and (d) 0.67. Panels a and h show only microphase separation, whereas panels c and d clearly exhibit macrophase separation of PMMA homopolymer.

Figure 9.34 Atomic force microscopy phase images of poly(methyl methacrylate)/MAM blends 95/5 (left), 90/10 (middle), and 80/20 (right). Plane perpendicular to the injection direction (up) and plane containing the injection direction (down).

Figure 5.38. Atomic force microscopy phase images showing cross sections of PETG/PS assemblies with different layer thicknesses (left is 60nm, center is 30nm, right is 8nm). (From Liu et al. [180], (2004) American Chemical Society used with permission.) (See color insert.)...

Figure 5.83. Atomic force microscopy phase images of a propylene/ethylene copolymer recorded at elevated temperatures of (A) 90°C, (B and C) 92.5°C, and (D) 100°C. In all images, the gray contrast covers phase signal variation of 20°. (From Bar and Meyers [170] used with permission of the MRS Bulletin.)...

Figure 5.110. Atomic force microscopy phase images of (A) TPO-0 (no clay), (B) TPO-1 (0.6% clay), (C) TPO-3 (2.3% clay), (D) TPO-6 (5.6% clay). (From Mirabella et al. [504], (2004) Wiley-Interscience used with permission.)...

Atomic force microscopy (AFM) images in phase-contrast mode of PS-COOH/polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA)-NH2 = 40/60 (vol.%) prepared at 190°C (A) (B) like (A), prepared at 200°C (C) like (B), with SCA (D) like (B), with SCA+Pt (frame size 10 x 10 pm). Influence of silane-containing coupling agent (SCA) and processing conditions on morphology of PS-COOH/PMMA-NH2 = 40/60 (vol.%) blends. (From J. Pionteck, V. B. Sadhu, L. Jakisch, P. Potschke, L. HSufiler, and A. Janke, Polymer 46,6563-6574, 2005. With permission.)... 

Figure 10.3 (a) Atomic force microscopy (AFM) image of graphene oxide flakes. The image was constructed by combining the three-dimensional (3D) topography with phase contrast information. (Reprinted with permission from Nogueira PFM, Nakabayashi D, Zucolotto V. 

Figure 5.21. Atomic force microscopy height image (A) shows the topographic features of the fiber, whereas the phase image shows the different components present in the material (B), notably the cellulose microfibrils and the amorphous lignin patches [84], Scale is 3pm on a side. (From Chernoff and Maganov [84], (2003) American Chemical Society used with permission.)...

Atomic force microscopy (AFM) image of a pressure sensitive containing a blend of incompatible block copolymers. One of the block copolymers forms a separate macrophase, within which its hard and soft phases are evident as light and dark co-continuous domains... 

FIGURE 12.3 Atomic force microscopy (AFM) phase images of A, unaged and B, aged melamine fiber filaments at a scan area of 5 X 5 p,m. Arrows indicate direction of major fiber axis. (From Rajeev, R.S., Bhowmick, A.K., De, S.K., Gong, B., and Bandyopadhyay, S., J. Adh. Set Technol., 16, 1957, 2002. With permission.)... 

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