Mapping for polymers

French AD, French WA (1980) N-H mapping for polymers. Chap 14. In French AD, Gardner KCH (eds) Fibre diffraction methods. ACS Symp Ser 141 239-250... 

Polymer lifetime, mapped for n-type silicon in contact with the polymer electrolyte, 497... 

We have not mentioned here the crucial inverse mapping of the realistic polymer structure onto the stream line. For polymers without side groups, such as polyethylene or bisphenol-A-polycarbonate, the following strategy has successfully been used [98] an energy minimization of the internal energy contributions was carried out simultaneously with a minimization of the distances of all atoms to the stream line (to this end, the sum of the squared dis-... 

The important conclusion drawn from the above studies on PS(OH)/PMMA in solution and bulk is that complexes formed in dilute solutions can be preserved during the process of film casting. In particular, when we use an inert solvent whose Ejp is close to zero, the critical hydroxyl contents in proton-donating polymers for complexation estimated by viscosity or LLS are comparable to that for the miscibility-to-complex transition in bulk, which can be easily detected by DSC or TEM. Therefore, by combining the results from both solution and bulk, it should be possible to construct a map for a given blend system visualizing how the immiscibihty, miscibihty and complexation of the blend depend on the content of interacting sites. 

The presence of the four minima in the conformational map reported by Mark and Goodman for poly(W-methyl-L-alanine) (Biopolymers 1967, 5, 809) Is confirmed. The conformational map reported by Tanaka and Nakajlma for polysarcosine (Polymer J. 1970, 1, 71 see also Polymer J. 1971, 2, 717), however, Is found to be incorrect due to their faillure to consider several crucial interatomic contacts. The conformational maps for both polysarcosine and polyW-methyk-alanlnel are found to be sensitive to the orientation selected for the methyl groups. 

Polypropylene and polyacetaldehyde are the simplest of the above polymers, having only two internal rotation angles, x and Tg, in the main chain. Figure 1 shows the potencial energy contour map for polyacetaldehyde. The crosses indicate the potential minima, and the closed circles the x-ray structure determined by Natta et al. (28). The two minima correspond to the right- and left-hand helices. 

Figure 2 shows the energy contour map for isotactic poly( methyl methacrylate). The lowest energy minimum was found at the position corresponding to a (12/1) helix contrary to the expectation of the (5/1) helix. The minimum corresponding to the (5/1) helix is higher than the (12/1) helix by 3 kcal/mole of monomer unit. This result led to the postulation of the double stranded helix for this polymer. 

More importantly, n-Ji maps can represent the allowed shapes for polymers that are more complicated than the simple homopolymers discussed herein. That advantage of -h maps... 

The dielectric spectrum for polymers with bulky side chains are shown in Fig. 2.69 for PDIPI and PDIBI. In these cases beside the prominent a relaxations it is possible to observe conductive contributions at low frequencies and high temperatures. A relaxation map is summarized in Fig. 2.70. 

Polypeptides, however, are composed of amino acids with side chains that are longer and therefore the area of allowed conformations is reduced when an alanine (Figure 2.12), aspartic acid (Figure 2.13), or a proline (Figure 2.14) is added to the second peptide unit. Finally, the conformational map for a dipeptide of proline-hydroxyproline is dramatically reduced. Rings in the backbone of any polymer reduce the ability of the polymer backbone to adopt numerous conformations and thereby stiffen the structure. 

Stiffness Mapping for the Characterisation of Heterogeneous Polymer Systems... 

With this in mind, it is useful to represent the expected fracture mechanisms at the interface with maps. For individual connectors, the fracture mechanisms map can be presented as a function of 2/2 and N/Ne. This normalization then takes into account two important material parameters of the bulk polymers which will influence the fracture mechanisms map the crazing stress acmze (contained in 2 ) and the entanglement density (contained in Ne). 

Fig. 53. Fracture mechanisms map for interfaces between glassy polymers reinforced with connecting chains. Failure mechanisms are represented as a function of normalized degree of polymerization N/Ne and normalized areal density of connectors 1/1 ...

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