Atomic absorption spectrophotometry applications

L13. Lorber, A., Cohen, R. L., Chang, C. C., and Anderson, H. E., Gold determination in biological fluids by atomic absorption spectrophotometry application to chrysotherapy in rheumatoid arthritis patients. Arthritia Rheum. II, 170-177... 

S. Arpadjan, D. Stojanova, Application of detergents to the direct determination of iron, zinc, and copper in milk by means of flame atomic-absorption spectrophotometry, Fresenius J. Anal. Chem., 302 (1980), 206. 

G. F. Wallace, The Application of Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry to the Analysis of Pulp and Paper Products, Print. Reprogr./Test. Conf. (Pap.)., 1977, p. 169. 

B4. Berman, E., An application of atomic absorption spectrophotometry in clinical chemistry Determination of copper in biological materials. Proc. Intern. Congr. Clin. Chem., 5th, Detroit, 1963. 

Z3. Zettner, A., and Seligson, D., Application of atomic absorption spectrophotometry in the determination of calcium in serum. Clin. Chem. 10, 869-890 (19M). 

R15. Rousselet, F., and Girard, M. L., Apparatus for vaporisation by electron bombardment and application to atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Method. Phys. Anal. 6, 167-168 (1970). 

Reference 9 gives a review of applications of atomic absorption spectrophotometry to biological samples. Tiiis technique is widely used for metal analysis in biological fluids and tissues, in environmental samples such as air and water, and in occupational health and safety areas. Routine applications of flame emission spectrometry to biological samples are generally limited to the alkali and alkaline earth metals. Ion-selective electrode measurements (Chapter 13) have largely replaced the flame emission measurements in the clinical chemistry laboratory. 

The determination of technetium by atomic absorption spectrophotometry was studied with a Tc hollow-cathode lamp as a spectral line source. The sensitivity for technetium in aqueous solution was 3-10 g/ml in a fuel-rich acetylene-air flame for the unresolved 2614.23-2615.87 A doublet. Cationic interferences were eliminated by adding aluminum to the sample solutions. The applicability of atomic absorption spectrophotometry to the determination of technetium in uranium and a uranium alloy was demonstrated [42]. A detection limit of 6 10 g w as achieved for measuring technetium by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry. In using the same doublet and both argon and neon as fill gases for the lamp, 6-10 to 3 10 g of technetium was found to be the range of applicability [43]. 

Atomic absorption spectrophotometry already then in its second edition. Price (1974) (Analytical Atomic Absorption Spectrometry) published about thelOth book on AAS since inception of the technique with the aim of being a textbook on practical AAS (FAAS). It contains the usual introduction to principles, instrumenttation and analytical techniques, with a large detailed chapter of applications to different materials followed by details for individual elements. A nice expanded version of the author s first book (Price 1979) on Spectrochemical Analysis by Atomic Absorption, includes newer developments such as EAAS. Kirkbright and Sargent (1974) (Atomic Absorption and Fluorescence Spectrometry) produced a massive, excellent, comprehensive treatise on the techniques of atomic absorption and fluorescence spectrometries, with details on... 

The literature on procedures for PbB determination is abundant. Those techniques that have been shown to provide accurate and precise PbB determinations in routine use include anodic stripping voltammetry (ASV), flame atomic absorption spectrophotometry (FAAS), discrete sampling FAAS, and graphite furnace AAS (GF-AAS). The method most widely used for routine determination is AAS in its various modifications. The relatively slow analysis rate of ASV tends to limit the application of this technique to that of a backup or reference method. Whatever the technique which is applied, it should be emphasized that avoidance of contamination, careful handling of the blood samples and frequent intra- and interlaboratory checks are more important for ensuring precision and reliability than the method itself. 

Gardiner, P.E., Ottaway, J.M., Fell, G.S. and Burns, R.R. (1981). The application of gel filtration and electrothermal atomic absorption spectrophotometry to the speciation of protein bound zinc and copper in human biood serum. Anal. Chim. Acta, 124, 281. 

Tarigan, 1. M. (2008). Analysis of the applicability of chitosan and chitosan beads as adsorbents standard solution to lower levels of iron (Fe) and aluminum (Al) by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Master Thesis, University of North Sumatra, Medan, 2008. 

The major use of nitrous oxide is for anesthesia and analgesia. It is also used for cryosurgery. Nitrous oxide also finds use as an oxidizing gas for chemical (sodium azide) manufacturing, semiconductor manufacturing, atomic absorption spectrophotometry, and as a fuel oxidant for racing vehicles. Some product for this latter application is supplied with an additive to deter abuse of the product. Nitrous oxide is also used as a propellant for pressure or aerosol products (whipped cream is most prevalent). 

Cardarelli, E., Cifani, M., Mecozzi, M., Sechi, C., (1986), Analytical application of emulsions Determination of lead in gasoline by atomic-absorption spectrophotometry,... 

Osibanjo, O., Kakulu, S.E., Ajayi, S.Q., (1984), Analytical application of inorganic salt standards and mixed-solvent systems to trace-metal determination in petroleum crudes by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Analyst, 109,109-127. 

After filtration through a Whatman 42 filter the nickel content in the solution was determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometry (Jasco application, according to the directions of the manufacturer). 

Atomic absorption spectrophotometry depends on the application of Beer s law (Sec. 2.4.1). It is therefore necessary to construct a calibration plot by preparing a series of standard solutions, the most concentrated of which should give a reading 0.8. 

The carrier stream is merged with a reagent stream to obtain a chemical reaction between the sample and the reagent. The total stream then flows through a detector (Fig. 1.1 (b)). Although spectrophotometry is the commonly used detector system in this application, other types of detectors have been used, namely fluorometric, atomic absorption emission spectroscopy and electrochemical, e.g. ion selective electrodes. 

In 1C, the election-detection mode is the one based on conductivity measurements of solutions in which the ionic load of the eluent is low, either due to the use of eluents of low specific conductivity, or due to the chemical suppression of the eluent conductivity achieved by proper devices (see further). Nevertheless, there are applications in which this kind of detection is not applicable, e.g., for species with low specific conductivity or for species (metals) that can precipitate during the classical detection with suppression. Among the techniques that can be used as an alternative to conductometric detection, spectrophotometry, amperometry, and spectroscopy (atomic absorption, AA, atomic emission, AE) or spectrometry (inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry, ICP-MS, and MS) are those most widely used. Hence, the wide number of techniques available, together with the improvement of stationary phase technology, makes it possible to widen the spectrum of substances analyzable by 1C and to achieve extremely low detection limits. 

HPLC units have been interfaced with a wide range of detection techniques (e.g. spectrophotometry, fluorimetry, refractive index measurement, voltammetry and conductance) but most of them only provide elution rate information. As with other forms of chromatography, for component identification, the retention parameters have to be compared with the behaviour of known chemical species. For organo-metallic species element-specific detectors (such as spectrometers which measure atomic absorption, atomic emission and atomic fluorescence) have proved quite useful. The state-of-the-art HPLC detection system is an inductively coupled plasma/MS unit. HPLC applications (in speciation studies) include determination of metal alkyls and aryls in oils, separation of soluble species of higher molecular weight, and separation of As111, Asv, mono-, di- and trimethyl arsonic acids. There are also procedures for separating mixtures of oxyanions of N, S or P. 

It is necessary, however, to use other methods, such as atomic absorption, inductively coupled argon plasma emission spectrophotometry, and ion chromatography to determine the composition of the salts present. A method involving application of extraction and volumetric titration is also used (IP 77). 

Atomic absorption allows the measurement of around 70 elements (see Figure 13.18). It is widely used because the method can accept samples of various forms at very low concentrations. The scope of applications is therefore considerable. As in visible or infrared spectrophotometry, it is necessary to carry out baseline corrections to eliminate fluctuations coming from the lamp and interfering absorptions. 

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