Atmospheric probability

Local partial confinement or obstruction in a vapor cloud may easily act as an initiator for detonation, which may propagate into the cloud as well. So far, however, only one possible unconfined vapor cloud detonation has been reported in the literature it occurred at Port Hudson, Missouri (National Transportation Safety Board Report 1972 Burgess and Zabetakis 1973). In most cases the nonhomogeneous structure of a cloud freely dispersing in the atmosphere probably prevents a detonation from propagating. 

J. O. Nriagu and M. S. Simmons (eds.), Environmental Oxidants. Wiley, New York, 1994 A. M. Thompson, The oxidizing capacity of the Earth s atmosphere probable past and future changes. Science 256, 1157-1165 (1992). 

Calvert and McQuigg suggest that yet unknown radicals, such as 0CH20 or those derived from it, formed in the 03-olefin-air mixtures may oxidize S02 in the homogeneous reaction. It is known that OH and H02 radicals combine rapidly with S02. The addition products may eventually be transformed into sulfuric acid, peroxysulfuric acid, sulfates, and nitrates in a polluted atmosphere probably in a liquid phase of aerosol particles, although the detailed steps are still unknown. Finlayson and Pitts (357) believe that the oxidation of aromatic compounds by such species as OH, H02, 03, and 0(3P) may also be significant for the formation of organic aerosol. 

The photochemical processes of triatomic molecules have been extensively studied in recent years, particularly those of water, carbon dioxide, nitrous oxide, nitrogen dioxide, ozone, and sulfur dioxide, as they are important minor constituents of the earth s atmosphere. (Probably more than 200 papers on ozone photolysis alone have been published in the last decade.) Carbon dioxide is the major component of the Mars and Venus atmospheres. The primary photofragments produced and their subsequent reactions are well understood for the above-mentioned six triatomic molecules as the photodissociation involves only two bonds to be ruptured and two fragments formed in various electronic states. The photochemical processes of these six molecules are discussed in detail in the following sections. They illustrate how the knowledge of primary products and their subsequent reactions have aided in interpreting the results obtained by the traditional end product analysis and quantum yield measurements. 

I was told, that Mr. Watt had made experiments but could not learn the nature of them, or the precise results. It was supposed, however, that, as steam over water increased in temperature, it continued to combine with a greater quantity of heat than what was indicated by the mere increase of temperature — so that steam of double the force of the atmosphere probably contained twice as much heat, in the same bulk, as steam at the common boiling temperature.50... 

Atmospheric photochemistry produces a variety of radicals that exert a substantial influence on the ultimate composition of the atmosphere. Probably the most important of these in terms of its reactivity is the hydroxyl radical, OH. The formation of OH is the initiator of radical-chain oxidation. Photolysis of ozone by UV light in the presence of water vapour is the main source of hydroxyl radicals in the troposphere, viz... 

The trinitrogen cation is produced in nitrogen plasmas through the reaction of energized N2ions with N2 molecules. Formation in the atmosphere probably involves ternary... 

I don t believe that you can in fact have a high CO2 content in the atmosphere, probably only in the ocean. 

Thompson A. M. (1992) The oxidizing capacity of the Earth s atmosphere probable past and future changes. Science 256, 1157-1165. 

Let us change our system to include the gas, the piston, and the cylinder. With this choice, the system expansion is still irreversible, but the pressure in the surroundings can be assumed to be atmospheric pressure and is constant. The work done in pushing back the atmosphere probably is done almost reversibly from the viewpoint of the surroundings and can be closely estimated by calculating the work done on the surroundings ... 

The very radiogenic Ar and Xe isotope ratios of the upper mantle demand early degassing of the mantle. This is a model-dependent conclusion based on the assumption that upper mantle noble gases are residual from atmosphere degassing. However, Xe isotope systematics precludes such a relationship (Ozima et al. 1985). Since other models, while not necessarily correct, can account for the observed Xe isotope variations, it is clear that the isotopic evidence can be interpreted in various ways. Nonetheless, early transfer of volatiles to the atmosphere probably did occur and was caused by impact degassing. 

Pluto -- considered the smallest planet in the solar system. Pluto s atmosphere probably contains methane, ammonia, and frozen water. Pluto has 1 satellite. Pluto revolves around the sun every 250 years. Pluto was named after the Roman god of the underworld. 

The data of Table I show that the emissions to the atmosphere from anthropogenic sources exceed those from natural sources by a factor of 400. Air concentrations in the Northern Hemisphere vary from 0.5 ng Pb/m in Northern Greenland (12) to 10 ng Pb/m in remote terrestrial ecosystems of North America (6,7), to 4500 ng Pb/m in densely populated urban areas. The prehistoric atmosphere probably contained less than 0.1 ng Pb/m (17). 

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