Atis plant

Atfeine. Anthorine. C I 1+ N02 mol wt 343.49. C 76.92%, H 9.68%, N 4.08%, O 9.32%. From roots of the atis plant, Aconttum heterophyllum Wall., and from A. antkora L., Ranunculaceae Broughton, Blue Book of East India Cinchona Cultivation 1877 133 Goris, Metin, Compt. 

Atisane is the basic skeleton of various diterpene alkaloids (aconitum-alkaloids) found in the plant families of Ranunculaceae and Garryaceae. (-)-Atisine, as a typical representative, was isolated from the Atis plant Aconitum heterophyllum (Ranunculaceae), which also contains (-)-15,20-dihydroxy-16-atisen-19-oic acid as the lactone (19,20-olide). Erythroxylon monogynum and related speeies are reported to contain (-)-16-atisene. Euphorbiaceae such as Euphorbia acaulis and E. fidjiana produce (-)-16a,17-dihydroxyatisan-3-one. (+)-13-Atisene-16p,17-diol is known as serradiol due to its natural occurrence in Sideritis serrata (Labiatae). 

It turns out that the 100-m reactor is grossly oversized. The boldface values in Table 6.2 show a valley in the V — T plane where the annualized unit cost rounds to 2.30 kg . Marketing is somewhat relieved. A more detailed search shows what appears to be a minimum aty = 12m andr = 379 K with an associated cost of 2.3001 kg . Within the boldface area, the maximum cost difference is about 0,005 kg . At a production rate of 50,000,000 kg y, the annual cost difference would be 250,000. However, do not take this number too seriously. An economic prediction accurate to 0,005 kg is unrealistic for anything but an operating plant. There is model error, and there are other factors to consider before a design choice is made. 

Twyman RM, Verpoorte R, Memelink J, Christon P (2003) Gtmetic modification of secraid-aty metabolism alkaloids. In Thomas B, Murphy DJ, Murray B (eds) Encyclopedia of applied plant sciences. Academic, New Ymk... 

TABLE 15.2 Relative (RH) and Absolute (ATI) Tolerance Index of Rye Plants to the Action of Cadmium Ions ... 

The absolute tolerance index (ATI) of roots was always higher that the control value in the case of seeds treatment with both bacteria strains (Table 15.2). The similar rule was shown in the analysis of ATI of shoots of plants that were pre-treatment with B. subtilis 26D bacteria. 

There are potentially many more applications of visual ATI than acoustic ATI, ranging from bacteria to insects and birds. In the plant kingdom, applications have tended to focus on problem species such as weeds (Shulin and Runtz, 1996 Critten, 1996 Hemming and Rath, 2001 Manh et al.. 

Preparation of partially purified stromal ATI. Flats of plants were placed in darkness for 1-2 days prior to harvesting leaves in order to deplete starch grains and therefore maximize the yield of intact chloroplasts. Enzymes were purified from 0.4 - 2 kg of expanding leaves from young plants, essentially as described previously by Bertrams and Heinz (1981), except that chloroplasts were isolated from leaves using the procedure of Nakatani and Barber (1977). 

Summary of Kinetic Parameters of Stromal ATI from Various Plant Species... 

A logical extension which emerges from a consideration of Murata s hypothesis is that Alls from chilling sensitive chloroplasts should be less selective in their preference for 18 1-ACP, but not to the extent that they actually display a selectivity for 16 0-ACP. This conclusion is reached from the realization that while di-saturated species of PG are present in higher proportions in chilling sensitive plants than in chilling resistant plants, no plant species much exceeds the value of 75%. This maximum in di-satu rated molecular species describes an ATI which is neutral in its acyl substrate selectivity. These expectations are fulfilled. 

Assuming a lack of selectivity for molecular species by enzymes downstream from ATI in the pathway to PG, for which there is no direct evidence in plants, and next that the acyl-ACP pools in these chloroplasts are nearly equally represented as they occur in spinach chloroplasts (see Table 3), then we can inspect the distributions of saturated and unsaturated molecular species of PA,... 

In support of the assumption that the data presented here are not biased in favor of incorporation of 16 0-ACP by the action of AT2 utilizing pre-existing LPA is the evidence which shows that LPA pool sizes are vanishingly small in chloroplasts (Gardiner, etal., 1984). Our data show that isolated intact chloroplasts are able to mimic the in vivo pattern of PG biosynthesis fairly faithfully, and therefore that there exists a set of self-contained mechanisms for the maintenance of steady state levels of molecular species of PG in the chloroplast. These mechanisms may perhaps vary from plant to plant, but it is clear solely from the chloroplast data that they exceed the influence of ATI alone and are probably localized after the point of PA synthesis in chloroplasts. The headgroup enzymes... 

So far oril si c species ol the gerins Ati fopJi ra bavo been described. They are all Australian plants, and are closely allied to the Eucaiypts, and believed by Raker and Snath to be the prototypes of the latter these scientists have investigated the plants, and Smith has examined the essential oils. 

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