At complex

A. Active elastase + a,-AT Inactive elastase a,-AT complex No proteolysis of lung No tissue damage... 

Martin ER, Lai EH, Gilbert JR et al. SNPing away at complex diseases analysis of single-nucleotide polymorphisms around APOE in Alzheimer disease. Am J Hum Genet 2000 67 383-394. 

APS represent an attractive novel way of stabilizing membrane proteins under conditions where they can be exposed to detergent-free media. In the present work, we report some preliminary experiments aimed at complexing with APS a photosynthetic PS2 reaction center core complex, that from the thermophilic cyanobacterium Thermosynechococcus elongatus. 

Martin, E.R., et al., "SNPing Away at Complex Diseases Analysis of Single-Nucleotide Polymorphism around APOE in Alzheimer Disease," Am. J. Hum. Genet., 67, 383-394 (2000). 

Organometallic compounds can be generated at the electrode in three ways. An alkyl halide is reduced at an active cathode, for example, Pb, Sn, which reacts with the intermediate radical [163, 164]. A Grignard reagent or an at-complex is oxidized at an active anode and the intermediate radical reacts with the anode... 

Oxidizible substrates from glycolysis, fatty acid or protein catabolism enter the mitochondrion in the form of acetyl-CoA, or as other intermediaries of the Krebs cycle, which resides within the mitochondrial matrix. Reducing equivalents in the form of NADH and FADH pass electrons to complex I (NADH-ubiquinone oxidore-ductase) or complex II (succinate dehydrogenase) of the electron transport chain, respectively. Electrons pass from complex I and II to complex III (ubiquinol-cyto-chrome c oxidoreductase) and then to complex IV (cytochrome c oxidase) which accumulates four electrons and then tetravalently reduces O2 to water. Protons are pumped into the inner membrane space at complexes I, II and IV and then diffuse down their concentration gradient through complex V (FoFi-ATPase), where their potential energy is captured in the form of ATP. In this way, ATP formation is coupled to electron transport and the formation of water, a process termed oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS). 

Flutamide, an antiprostate cancer drug, is another example where inhibition of ETS, primarily at complex I, is associated with hepatotoxicity [56, 57]. Nefazodone, an antidepressant, also inhibits complex I activity and was discontinued in 2004 due to idiosyncratic hepatotoxicity [58]. 

Treatment of isolated hepatocytes with authentic nitric oxide inhibits the electron transport chain at complexes I and II, and mitochondrial aconitase activity (Stadler et al., 1991). 

FIGURE 12.4 Structures of the complexes between different SPs and AT. (A) Ternary complex between AT, thrombin, and an heparin derivative (PDB ID 1TB6) (B) AT bounded to the synthetic pentasaccharide (PDB ID 1E03) (C) final structure from a 5-ns MD of AT complexed to a SF decasaccharide with pyranose rings (D) final structure from a 5-ns MD of AT complexed to a SG decasaccharide with pyranose rings. For (B)-(D), two orientations of the complexes are presented. Data from Becker et al. (2007). 

A LOOK AT COMPLEXITY AND EMERGENCE IN CELLS, ORGANS AND ORGANISMS... 

Marked variations in IFT aging behavior of replicate complex coacervate phase/citrus oil interfaces were observed occasionally. Figure 13 illustrates an example of this. Two IFT aging curves for the G/A complex coacervate phase/lemon oil 2 interface differ by 0.3 to 1.3 mJ/m2 throughout the 1.3-1.5 hour of aging needed for the IFT to reach a value too low to measure. A third run gave a value too low to measure immediately after the interface was formed. This type of behavior was encountered periodically, especially with complex coacervate phase/citrus oil interfaces at 40-45 C. Experimental technique probably caused most of these observations since it is difficult to place the Wilhelmy plate at complex coacervate phase/ citrus oil interfaces. However, the possibility that an IFT too low to measure immediately after formation of an interface is a characteristic feature of some complex coacervate phase/citrus oil interfaces at 40° and 34°C cannot be completely ruled out. 

Macrocyclic phenol-formaldehyde condensation products have been termed calixarenes509 and are capable of providing a cavity for complexation (132). Rb+ was shown to be a good templating device during synthesis and this hinted at complex formation. Transport experiments have shown calixarenes-[4], -[6] and -[8] to be selective for Cs+ using MN03 no transport was detected but with MOH it occurred. 18-Crown-6 behaved in a contrary fashion ... 

The bromination of tris(acetylacetonato)chromium(III) was first reported by Reihlen.781 There have been many studies of electrophilic substitution at complexes of both acetylaceton-ate and its derivatives this work has been extensively reviewed.782,783 Some typical reactions are outlined below (equation 42). In this section, we shall briefly mention some more recent work the interested reader is recommended to study the extensive, although somewhat dated, review by Collman,782 and Mehrotra s book.783... 

The ratio of ATP synthesized per 02 reduced to H20 (the P/O ratio) is about 2.5 when electrons enter the respiratory chain at Complex I, and 1.5 when electrons enter at CoQ. 

The inner mitochondrial membrane is impermeable to NADH and NAD+, but NADH equivalents are moved from the cytosol to the matrix by either of two shuttles. NADH equivalents moved in by the malate-aspartate shuttle enter the respiratory chain at Complex I and yield a P/O ratio of 2.5 those moved in by the glycerol 3-phosphate shuttle enter at CoQ and give a P/O ratio of 1.5. 

FIGURE 19-35 Mitochondrial production and disposal of superoxide. Superoxide radical, OJ, is formed in side reactions at Complexes I and III, as the partially reduced ubiquinone radical ( Q—) donates an electron to 02. The reactions shown in blue defend the cell against the damaging effects of superoxide. Reduced glutathione... 

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