Aging curves

Claypool GE, Holser WT, Kaplan IR, Sakai H, Zak 1 (1980) The age curves of sulfur and oxygen isotopes in marine sulfate and their mutual interpretation. Chem Geol 28 199-260 Clayton RN (1993) Oxygen isotopes in meteorites. Ann Rev Earth Planet Sci 21 115-149 Clayton RN (2002) Self-shielding in the solar nebula. Nature 451 860-861 Clayton RN (2004) Oxygen isotopes in meteorites. In Treatise on geochemistry, vol 1. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp. 129-142... 

To determine the entire thermal history from high temperature to low temperature, it is best to use as many systems as possible to obtain many points in the closure temperature versus closure age curve, as shown in Figure 1-21. For specific... 

Aging curve for typical semi-regenerative operation. 

The duplicate or triplicate IFT aging curves included in Figures 1-4 show that replicate IFT values for a given system may differ by up to 1.8 mJ/m2. Shape of the aging curves may vary slightly also. Nevertheless, the replicate IFT data clearly show that aging occurs consistently and is due to the nature of the citrus oil/water interface. 

Figures 6-11 contain IFT aging curves for several supernatant phases against citrus oils. Figure 6 shows the interfacial aging of a G/A supernatant phase against orange oil 2. At 45 and 50 C,...

At 30 to 40 C, the IFT aging curve becomes nearly linear as the time of aging increases. At 30 and 50 C, IFT of the G/A supernatant phase/lemon oil 2 interface is consistenly below that of the water/lemon oil 2 interface. 

Figure 8 contains duplicate IFT aging curves for a G/A supernatant phase against orange oil 1 at 50°C as well as an IFT aging curve for this interface at 1.2 C. The duplicate 50 C aging curves approach linearity as the aging time increases. Both curves decay to a value too low to measure by the Wilhelmy plate method in 4.7-... 

Figure 9 contains IFT aging curves for a G/A supernatant phase/ lemon oil 1 interface at 1.2, 35, and 50 C. The three aging curves shown graphically illustrate how reduced temperatures lower the rate of IFT aging. At 1.2°C, IFT appears to have reached a stable value of 5.6 dynes/cm after 5 hrs. of aging. In contrast, at 35 and 50°C, IFT decays to a value too low to measure in 6.3 and 2.0 hrs. respectively. At both temperatures, IFT of the G/A supernatant phase / lemon oil 1 interface decreases faster than the IFT of the lemon oil 1/water interface. 

Figure 11 compares IFT aging curves for a G/GA supernatant phase against lemon oil 1 at 40 and 45°C. In both cases, IFT decreases in a nonlinear manner to a value too low to measure by the Wilhelmy plate method. The 45°C aging curve decays to a value too low to measure in 2.1 hours, somewhat faster than the time needed for IFT of the lemon oil 1/water interface to decay to this value. 

At 40°C, values of IFT for the lemon oil 1 supernatant phase interface become too low to measure after 3.5 to 5 hrs. of aging. The duplicate 40°C aging curves shown are similar in shape and differ by no more than 1 dyne/cm throughout the aging period studied. The 40 and 45°C aging curves for the GGA supernatant phase/lemon oil 1 interface decrease to a IFT value too low to measure faster than the lemon oil 1/water interface. 

Figures 12-14 contain IFT aging curves for several complex coacervate phases against citrus oils. Because these data were obtained by the modified procedure outlined in the Experimental Section, they have been plotted separately from IFT data obtained with the supernatant phases.

C runs gave aging curves that were similar in shape and decayed... 

Figure 14 contains IFT aging curves for several additional interfaces formed with lemon oil 1. Duplicate IFT runs for the 50 C G/P complex coacervate phase/lemon oil 1 interface behaved similarly and decayed to a value too low to measure in 0.5 hour. At 45 C, IFT of the G/P complex coacervate phase/lemon oil 1 interface was too low to measure immediately after it was formed. No IFT measurements were made at 30-40°C because the G/P complex coacervate gelled at these temperatures. 

The two IFT aging curves in Figure 5 show that this is the case. 

Duplicate and triplicate IFT aging curves were obtained at one or two temperatures for most of the interfaces characterized in this study. The replicate IFT data reported in Figures 1,3,4,7,8 and 10-14 show that many IFT aging curves for citrus oil/aqueous phase interfaces differ by a maximum of 1.7mJ/m2. Replicate curves often differ by less than lmJ/m2. Because each IFT aging experiment involved formation and separation of a new complex coacervate and supernatant phase, replicate IFT aging curves measure the combined effect that several factors have on reproducibility. These factors include variability of the complex coacervation procedure, protocol followed for separation of the coacervate and supernatant phases, and the IFT measurement process itself. The variability in solids content of replicate coacervate and supernatant phases shown in Table 1 could contribute to the observed IFT variability. 

Marked variations in IFT aging behavior of replicate complex coacervate phase/citrus oil interfaces were observed occasionally. Figure 13 illustrates an example of this. Two IFT aging curves for the G/A complex coacervate phase/lemon oil 2 interface differ by 0.3 to 1.3 mJ/m2 throughout the 1.3-1.5 hour of aging needed for the IFT to reach a value too low to measure. A third run gave a value too low to measure immediately after the interface was formed. This type of behavior was encountered periodically, especially with complex coacervate phase/citrus oil interfaces at 40-45 C. Experimental technique probably caused most of these observations since it is difficult to place the Wilhelmy plate at complex coacervate phase/ citrus oil interfaces. However, the possibility that an IFT too low to measure immediately after formation of an interface is a characteristic feature of some complex coacervate phase/citrus oil interfaces at 40° and 34°C cannot be completely ruled out. 

Figures 6 and 12 contain IFT aging curves at 35 and 50°C that show the IFT of the G/A complex coacervate phase/orange oil 2 interface is clearly lower than that of the supernatant/orange oil 2 interface at all interfacial ages examined. At 45°C, IFT values of the interface formed with the complex coacervate phase are slightly lower than that of the supernatant phase at 45°C. At 40°C, both phases have about the same IFT aging curve. These data indicate that wetting (and encapsulation) of orange oil 2 by a G/A complex coacervate phase will occur readily at 35 or 50°C, but there could be a problem at intermediate temperature.

Comparison of the G/A complex coacervate and supernatant aging curves against lemon oil 2 in Figures 7 and 13 reveals that the G/A complex coacervate phase consistently has an IFT below that of the G/A supernatant phase between 40 and 50°C. This is evidence that the complex coacervate phase will preferentially wet and encapsulate lemon oil 2 at these temperatures. 

Fig. 30.—Amperage-Volt- of salts dissolved in liquid ammonia, at its b.p. —34°, age Curves of Liquid jg generally greater than is the case in aq. soln. at 18°, mmomaca o utions. g mol. conductivity of a soln. of potassium nitrate in liquid ammonia is 124, and in water 114 (u=100) potassium bromide in ammonia ( =135) is 181, and in water ( =128), only 117 silver nitrate in...

Now, let us consider the current-volt age curve of the differential conductance (Fig. 7). First of all, Coulomb staircase is reproduced, which is more pronounced, than for metallic islands, because the density of states is limited by the available single-particle states and the current is saturated. Besides, small additional steps due to discrete energy levels appear. This characteristic... 

Table 10.2. Factor analyses of the relations among the age curves of strontium isotopes in carbonate, carbon isotopes in carbonate, sulfur isotopes in sulfate, and sea level for the Phanerozoic (from Holser et al., 1988).

Claypool G.E., Holser W.T., Kaplan I.R., Sakai H. and Zak I. (1980) The age curves of sulfur and oxygen isotopes in marine sulfate and their mutual interpretation. Chem. Geol. 28, 199-260. 

Having shown that identical ageing curves could be generated with one formulation, the assumption was made that, under the same operating conditions, other formulations would also behave similarly in the tunnel and the forest. The operating conditions of the tunnel are as follows ... 

Figure 6. The effect of calcium content on rate of deterioration of papers rate of deterioration is taken from the slope of the log folding endurance vs. time of aging curve (9) FK dry, (O) FK humid, (A) NP dry, (A) NP...

In this case, the color changed about 0.22 CDU per day compared with a rate of 7.03 CDU per day for silk heated at 150 °C. Thus, during the linear portion of the aging curve, the color changes about 32 times faster when heated than when irradiated. 

Conclusive determinations of accuracy and upper age limits cannot be done until more extensive data are available. However, some rough estimates can be made for cotton from the data presented here. The consistency of the trend for the 814-day-old, 47-year-old, and 400-year-old samples indicates that the shifts should be quite consistent from one sample to the next. It is reasonable that these shifts will be repeatable to within 0.01. The slopes for the aging curve can be estimated from a curve drawn through the data, including the blind test datum. The resulting uncertainty in the age determination can then be estimated. The results are shown in Table V. This table indicates that the method... 

Figure 13 An evolutionary model of time versus the ei82- v composition of the silicate Earth for the first 50 of Earth s history. The higher composition of the Earth relative to chondrites can only be balanced by a complementary lower than chondrites reservoir in the core. Extraction age models for the core are a function of the decay constant, the difference between the silicate Earth and chondrites, the proportion of W and Hf in the mantle and core and the rate of mass extraction to the core. Details of these models are given in the above citations, with the upper limit of the age curves shown here (sources Yin et al, 2002 Kleine et al, 2002 ...

Figure 22 Concentration of SOl in seawater during the Phanerozoic based on analyses of fluid inclusions in marine halite (solid symbols) eircles-triangles and thick-thin vertical bars are based on the assumption of different values for Dashed line is our best estimate of age curve. Data in open and fllled circles are from...

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