Astrocytes markers

About 40% of this population express markers of oligodendrocytes, and a similar proportion have astrocytic markers. To test the potential of these cells in vitro, ES cells propagated in this fashion were transplanted into the spinal cord or cerebral ventricles of myelin-deficient rats. Two weeks after transplantation, ES derived cells were present in the dorsal columns of the spinal cord both at the implant and several millimeters in both directions from that site. The mouse origin of the ES cells transplanted into rat was confirmed by analysis of mouse satellite DNA in the grafts. Similarly, intraventricular transplanted cells formed myelin in multiple brain regions [29]. These and other results support the further study of stimulated ES cells for potential therapies in the nervous system. 

Fig. 18A-D Expression of astrocyte markers in adult mouse DG. A Staining for S100/J demonstrates the lower density of positive cells in DGL as compared to neighboring DG layers. However, no difference could be seen among the molecular layer (ML), SGZ, and CA4 (PI counterstain is shown in C). B Stained for GFAP shows no difference in respect to the density of positive cells among ML, SGZ, and CA4 (PI counterstain is shown in D). Scale bar = 50 pm...

Lavoie J, Giguere JF, Pomier Layraigues G, Butterworth RF. Activities of neuroneil and astrocytic marker enzymes in autopsied brain tissue from patients with hepatic encepheilopathy. Metab. 

Saito Y, Sharer LR, Epstein LG, Michaels J, Mintz M, Louder M, Golding K, Cvetkovich TA, Blumberg BM (1994) Overexpression of nef as a marker for restricted HIV-1 infection of astrocytes in postmortem pediatric central nervous tissues. Neurology 44 474-481 Sargeant TJ, Day DJ, Mrkusich EM, Eoo DE, Miller JH (2007) Mu opioid receptors are expressed on radial glia but not migrating neuroblasts in the late embryonic mouse brain. Brain Res 1175 28-38... 

Numerous modifications of in vitro culture systems have been developed for the estimation of BBB transfer [52]. Culture systems in use are either primary cultures of brain microvessel endothelial cells (BMEC) or immortalized endothelial cell hues. BMEC may be grown in co-culture with astrocytes or in astrocyte-conditioned medium. Astrocyte-derived factors increase the tightness of the barrier as measured by transendothelial electrical resistance (TEER) and by the permeability of hydrophUic markers such as sucrose. They also up-regulate the expression of BBB-enriched enzymes such as y-glutamyl transpeptidase (y-GTP) and alkaline phosphatase. A setup of the in vitro technique in a transwell system for transport studies is depicted in Figure 2.5. 

EAATl and EAAT2 are selective markers for astrocytic plasma membranes. The density of EAAT2 is much higher in hippocampal astrocytes than in cerebellar... 

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