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Microbiologically influenced corrosion is defined by the National Association of Corrosion Engineers as any form of corrosion that is influenced by the presence and/or activities of microorganisms. Although MIC appears to many humans to be a new phenomenon, it is not new to the microbes themselves. Microbial transformation of metals in their elemental and various mineral forms has been an essential part of material cycling on earth for billions of years. Some forms of metals such as reduced iron and manganese serve as energy sources for microbes, while oxidized forms of some metals can substitute for... 

VDI, AVR - Experimental High-Temperature Reactor 21 Years of Successful Operation for a Future Energy Technology, Association of German Engineers, VDI-Verlag, Dusseldorf (1990). 

FIGURE 2.7 Thermodynamic cycles are used to combine computed adsorption energies for molecular/ionic species fiom first-principles calculations, with thermodynamic data available in the hterature, to determine the overall fi-ee energy of adsorption of solution-phase species to the mild steel surface. Cycles are shown for Equations (a) 2.13, (b) 2.16, (c) 2.15, and (d) 2.14. Reproduced with permission from Taylor [136]. National Association of Corrosion Engineers. 

FIGURE 2.9 Free energy diagrams as a function of the electrochemical potential under equilibrium NH4Cl(satd.) pH 4.45 at 25 °C (298 K). Reproduced with permission from Taylor [136]. National Association of Corrosion Engineers. 

Shelby A. Miller, Ph.D., P.E., Resident Retired Senior Engineer, Argonne National Laboratory American Association for the Advancement of Science (Fellow), American Chemical Society, American Institute of Chemical Engineers (Fellow), American Institutes of Chemists (Fellow), Filtration Society, New York Academy of Sciences, Society of Chemical Industry (Section 18, Liquid-Solid Operations and Equipment Section 27, Energy Resources, Conversion, and Utilization)... 

Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) is the analysis of systems involving fluid flow, energy transfer, and associated phenomena such as combustion and chemical reactions by means of computer-based simulation. CFD codes numerically solve the mass-continuity equation over a specific domain set by the user. The technique is very powerful and covers a wide range of industrial applications. Examples in the field of chemical engineering are ... 

BNEU 94. Guidelines for the Procurement of Energy Efficient Equipment and Muchinc Industry. Association ot Swedish Engineering fnduscrics, Stockholm, 1997,... 

In practice the situation is less favorable due to losses associated with overpotentials in the cell and the resistance of the membrane. Overpotential is an electrochemical term that, basically, can be seen as the usual potential energy barriers for the various steps of the reactions. Therefore, the practical efficiency of a fuel cell is around 40-60 %. For comparison, the Carnot efficiency of a modern turbine used to generate electricity is of order of 50 %. It is important to realize, though, that the efficiency of Carnot engines is in practice limited by thermodynamics, while that of fuel cells is largely set by material properties, which may be improved. 

EPA. 1986a. Literature survey of environmental concerns associated with in situ coal/oil shale operations. Contract no. 68-02-3994. Research Triangle Park, NC U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Air and Energy Engineering Research Laboratory. EPA report no. EPA/600/7-86/022. 

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