As lubricant additives

Poly(alkylene glycol)s are also used as lubricity additives ia water-based synthetic cutting and grinding fluids (36), and ia aqueous metalworking fluids. Under the high frictional heating at the tool or die contact with the workpiece, the polyalkylene glycol comes out of solution ia fine droplets which coat the hot metal surfaces. 

The mechanisms for the reaction of sulfur with alkanes and unsaturated compounds are highly speculative, being strongly influenced by the specific stmcture of the substrate and by the conditions (particularly temperature) of reaction. Alkane (4), olefin (5), animal fat (6), and vegetable oil (7) sulfurization have been extensively studied because these reactions are models for vulcanization. Moreover, the products are used as lubricant additives. 

Sulfuiized and sulfurchlorinated unsaturated compounds and meicaptans are used as lubricant additives (antiwear, friction modification, load-carrying, extreme pressure and temperature, corrosion inhibition, and antioxidants), refinery catalyst regeneration compounds, steel processing (annealing) aids, and vulcanization catalysts (see Lubrication and lubricants). 

Various appHcations such as lubricant additives, dyes, pigments, and catalysts are under investigation. Tungsten can be deposited from tungsten hexacarbonyl, but carbide formation and gas-phase nucleation present serious problems (1,2). As a result, tungsten halides are the preferred starting material. 

RT-ILs are also selected as lubricant additives. Usage of ionic liquids as boundary lubricant additives for water has resulted in dramatically reduced running-in periods for silicon nitride materials [70]. When ILs were mixed into a neat mineral oil, the mixture has proven to produce lower wear on aluminum flat than either the oil or the ionic liquid alone [72], which indicates that a small amount of ILs in the mineral oil may function as an anti-wear additive. 

In spite of their toxicity, alkyl phosphites have been used extensively as lubricant additives, corrosion inhibitors, and antioxidants. In addition to their use as intermediates in synthesis, organophosphorus compounds are useful for separating heavy metals by solvent extraction. Several insecticides that were formerly in widespread use are derivatives of organic phosphates. Two such compounds are malathion and parathion. 

Petroleum and Related Feedstocks. Petroleum sulfonate by-products were the first petrochemical product. Since that time. By-product petroleum sulfonates have gradually found utilization m a great many applications, including as lubricant additives for high performance engines as emulsifiers, flotation agents, and corrosion inhibitors and for enhanced oil recovery. The importance of petroleum sulfonates has grown to the point where these compounds are produced as coproducts, or even as primary petrochemicals. 

Scott, D., A Study of Lubricant Soluble Molybdenum Sulphur Compounds as Lubricant Additives, Eurotrib 81, vol.lll, Warsaw, (1981). 

Yamamoto, Y., Qondo, S., Kamakura, T. and Konishi, M., Organoamine and Organophosphate Molybdenum Complexes as Lubricant Additives, Wear, 120, 51, (1987). 

The C12-C14 alcohol finds special application as lubricant additives and in the formulation of bearing and hydraulic oils. The C16-C18 fatty alcohol finds application as a defoamer, as a solubility retarder for syndet bars, and as a consistency giving factor in creams, lipstick, pastes, and polishes. 

Joly-Pottuz L, Vacher B, Ohmae N, et al. Anti-wear and friction reducing mechanism of carbon nano-onions as lubricant additives. Tribol Lett 2008 30 69-80. 

Bermudez et al. [67] studied the tribological properties of PC+0.5%ZnO+1.5% IL composites and showed an 80% friction reduction and wear reduction of nearly two orders of magnitude with respect to PC+0.5% ZnO. They then investigated ILs as an effective lubricant additive of epoxy resin under the pin-on-disk configuration and showed a friction reduction higher than 50% and a wear rate reduction of two orders of magnitude for epoxy resin (RE)+1.5% IL with respect to the neat Re and Re+0.5% ZnO [68], The ability of ILs to act as lubricant additives of polymers under sliding conditions can thus be confirmed by the above report. 

Jimenez AE, Bermudez MD, Carri6n FJ et al (2006) Room temperature ionic liquids as lubricant additives in steel-aluminium contacts influence of sliding velocity, normal load and temperature. Wear 261 347—359... 

Batteza AH, Gonzaleza R, Viescaa JL et al (2009) Tribological behaviour of two imidazolium ionic liquids as lubricant additives for steel/steel contacts. Wear 266 1224—1228... 

On this basis viscosity improvers are excluded from consideration as lubricant additives in this discussion. It is true that viscous shear is... 

Figure 11-10. Comparison of organic phosphates, phosphonates and phos-phinates as lubricant additives. Four-ball test 60 minutes, 15 kg load, 1500 rpm. 4 mmoles of additive per 100 gm of white oil solution. Neutral esters o. Acids or acid esters A. 1 n-Butyl di-n-butylphosphinate. 1 Di-n-hexylphosphinic acid, la Di-n-octylphosphinic acid. 2 Di-n-butyl n-hexylphosphonate. 3 Di-n-butyl phenylphosphonate. 4 Tri-n-butyl phosphate. 4 Di-n-butyl phosphate. 5 Diethyl benzyIphosphonate. 6 Diethyl o-nitrophenylphosphonate. 7 Di(2-ethylhexyl) phosphate. 8 Dilauryl phosphate. 9 Tricresyl phosphate. From data by Forbes and Silver [40] and by Forbes and Battersby [46].

Investigations of the behavior of metal salts of phosphorodithioate esters along chemical lines have given rise to a number of proposed mechanisms for the action of these substances as lubricant additives. The views of Baumgarten [53] are quite explicit a chemisorbed monomolecular film of zinc dialkyl dithiophosphate is quickly es-... 

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