Arsenicals selenium interactions

Antimony, arsenic, selenium, tellurium, iridium, iron, molybdenum, osmium, potassium, rhodium, tungsten (and when primed with charcoal,) aluminium, copper, lead, magnesium, silver, tin, zinc. Interaction of lithium or calcium with chlorine tri- or penta-fluorides is hypergolic and particularly energetic. 

Arsenic, selenium and tellurium all react with incandescence on heating [1], Interaction on heating powdered zinc and sulfur is considered to be too violent for use as a school experiment [2],... 

Hoffman, D.J., C.J. Sanderson, L.J. LeCaptain, E. Cromartie, and G.W. Pendleton. 1992. Interactive effects of arsenate, selenium, and dietary protein on survival, growth, and physiology in mallard ducklings. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 22 55-62. 

Stanley, T.R., Jr. J.W. Spann, G.J. Smith, and R. Rosscoe. 1994. Main and interactive effects of arsenic and selenium on mallard reproduction and duckling growth and survival. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 26 444-451. 

El-Begearmi, M.M., H.E. Ganther, and M.L. Sunde. 1982. Dietary interaction between methylmercury, selenium, arsenic, and sulfur amino acids in Japanese quail. Poult. Sci. 61 272-279. 

It should be noted that in the majority of the above mentioned studies, metal-induced renal injury was considered as if exposure occurred to only one metal at a time. In reality it is clear that environmental and occupational exposure may involve several metals at the same time and in varying concentrations [34]. It has been shown that with combined exposure various metals may interact with each other and that one metal may alter the potential toxicity of another in either a beneficial or deleterious way. As an example, whilst arsenic has been shown to worsen cadmium-induced nephrotoxicity, data from experimental studies have shown that selenium may protect against the renal effects induced by cadmium [52]. Other studies have shown that the iron status may alter the toxic effects of aluminium at the level of the bone and the parathyroid gland [53,54], whilst in a recent increased lead accumulation was associated with disturbances in the concentration of a number of essential trace elements [55]. 

Biological, chemical, and physical effects of airborne metals are a direct function of particle size, concentration, and composition. The major parameter governing the significance of natural and anthropogenic emissions of environmentally important metals is particle size. Metals associated with fine particulates are of concern particles larger than about 3-fjim aerodynamic equivalent diameter are minimally respirable, are ineffective in atmospheric interactions, and have a short air residence time. Seventeen environmentally important metals are identified arsenic, beryllium, cadmium, chromium, copper, iron, mercury, magnesium, manganese, nickel, lead, antimony, selenium, tin, vanadium, and zinc. This report reviews the major sources of these metals with emphasis on fine particulate emissions. 

The environmental scientist has at his disposal a variety of sensitive, multi-elemental analytical methods that can lead to a massive amount of data on airborne metals. Optimum use of these tools for environmental monitoring calls for focusing resources only on those metals that are environmentally important. Considerations of toxicity along with their ability to interact in the air, leading to the formation of secondary pollutants, and their presence in air have led to the identification of 17 environmentally important metals nickel, beryllium, cadmium, tin, antimony, lead, vanadium, mercury, selenium, arsenic, copper, iron, magnesium, manganese, titanium, chromium, and zinc. In addition to the airborne concentration, the particle size of environmentally important metals is perhaps the major consideration in assessing their importance. 

A wide variety of interactions of selenium with essential and nonessential elements, vitamins, xenobiotics, and sulfur-containing amino acids have been demonstrated in numerous studies. Selenium has been reported to reduce the toxicity of many metals including mercury, cadmium, lead, silver, and to some extent, copper (Frost 1972). Most forms of selenium and arsenic interact to reduce the toxicity of both elements (Levander 1977). Because of selenium s role in the antioxidant glutathione peroxidase enzymes, selenium also reduces the toxicity of metals in vitamin E-deficient animals (Diplock et al. 1967). 

Binary compounds can be made with uranium. Such solids state compounds have been investigated because they have interesting magnetic properties. They are made by direct interaction with uranium metal. Oxides mainly form with the general formula UO2, UjOg, UO2. The metal also reacts with other elements such as boron, carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, and arsenic to make semi-metallic solids. Compounds can also be made using silicon, sulfur, selenium, and tellurium. Urinates can be formed by the addition of uranium with alkali and alkaline Earth metals. 

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