Arsenic Table

Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) fed diets containing up to 90 mg As+5/kg were slightly affected, but those given diets containing >120 mg As/kg (as As+3 or As+5) grew poorly, avoided food, and failed to metabolize food efficiently. No toxic effects were reported over 8 weeks of exposure to diets containing 1600 mg/kg, as methylated arsenicals (Table 28.4). Dietary disodium... 

The accuracy of the analytical method was established hy independent analysis of the three additional filters from each of the 5 10 and 20 yg/m3 generation runs using both NAA and XRF analyses. Because NAA and XRF analysis techniques provide only a total arsenic measurement, the IC-AAS speciation results obtained for MMA, DMA and p-APA were used to estimate the total amount of arsenic. Table X presents the total arsenic obtained by the three techniques. The accuracy ranged from 90-120 of the values obtained by NAA and XRF. 

In general, agreement between the two analytical methods is reasonable. There is a consistent negative imbalance, averaging —26% and —16% for NAA and SSMS results, respectively, for the major elements and —1% and —18% for the minor elements. We excluded the results for mercury and arsenic in the averages for minor elements. In view of the necessary assumptions and the difficulty of obtaining truly representative samples, the balance is satisfactory for most elements. Notable exceptions are elements which can be present in a gaseous form. One may be arsenic (Table III), and another is mercury which is discussed... 

Native Arsenic—Compounds of Arsenic—Tables of Minerals Containing Arsenic —The Ubiquity of Arsenic. 

Unless contaminated by coal combustion facilities, ore smelters, or other arsenic emitters, melted snow tends to have much <1 pgL-1 of arsenic (Table 3.17). The arsenic concentrations in the precipitation of an area may also change over time. Specifically, snowpacks in Colorado and New Mexico, USA, had less arsenic in 1999-2000 (<0.01-0.02 pgL-1 in meltwater) than averages from nearby sampling stations in 1993-1999 (0.05-0.14 jag U1 in meltwater) ((Ingersoll, 2000) Table 3.17). The origin(s) of the arsenic is unknown, but may be related to emissions from nearby coal-fired power plants (Ingersoll, 2000), 2. 

Some limestones and dolostones are relatively rich in arsenic because they contain significant hydrothermal or diagenetic sulfide minerals. In particular, the Suwannee Limestone of Florida, USA, contains up to 54 mg kg-1 of arsenic (Table 3.23). Almost all of the arsenic is associated with diagenetic pyrite. The pyrites typically contain 100-11 200 mg kg-1 of arsenic (an average of 2300 mg kg-1 for 25 samples) (Price and Pichler, 2006). 

In metamorphosed sedimentary rocks, arsenic tends to occur in oxide and sulfide minerals (Bebout et al., 1999), 69-70. Many metamorphic rocks simply inherit their arsenic from their precursor rocks. That is, unless arsenic-rich metamorphic fluids are introduced, quartzites metamorphosed from low-arsenic quartz-rich sandstones and marbles metamorphosed from low-arsenic limestones should have relatively little arsenic. In contrast, shales often contain more arsenic than sandstones and limestones (Table 3.23). Therefore, slates and phyllites that form from the metamorphism of shales should inherit at least some of the arsenic (Table 3.24). 

A wet oxidation procedure which utilizes sulfuric, nitric, and perchloric acid was established as a satisfactory method for destroying the organic matrix of petroleum samples with quantitative retention of the arsenic. Table 5.1 compares the amount of arsenic added to three petroleum samples with the amount of arsenic found on analysis by the method subsequently adopted. In each case the amount found by analysis agrees with the amount added within the precision of the method and indicates that the arsenic is quantitatively retained by the sample preparation procedure. Quantitative retention of the arsenic was further substantiated by neutron activation analysis of a sample which was spiked with a known amount of triphenylarsine. The arsenic concentration was determined at each step of the sample preparation procedure (Table 5., II). The results were in general agreement with the amount added and confirmed the earlier conclusion that arsenic is quantitatively retained during sample preparation. 

The maximum permissible levels of lead, cadmium, and mercury vary for different kinds of feedstuffs (corresponding to 88% dry matter (dm) per kg fodder). In the following tables, limit values for arsenic (Table 1.16), lead (Table 1.17), cadmium... 

Currently, in pure culture, there are seven novel species of Eubacteria, most of them isolated from arsenic-rich environments (20-27), that are capable of respiring arsenate (Table 1). Although this is only a small number of representative species, it is already clear that the phenomenon is polyphyletic. It occurs in both gram-positive (low G -f C) Eubacteria and in at least three subdivisions (delta. 

Interferences related to environmental samples have been well documented. While they may limit the ultimate detection capability of the technique, accuracy problems can be corrected, to a degree, using interference correction equations. Method 200.8 provides recommended equations that function well for common interferences, e.g. chloride-based interferences on vanadium and arsenic. Table 9.5 gives the equations listed in 200.8. The lead (Pb) equation is not a correction for interferences, but corrects for potential isotopic abundance variations that can be found in lead from natural sources. 

Several urine samples were analyzed using the method of standard additions. Samples were filtered through a 0.2 micron filter before being injected onto the column. No other pretreatment or preconcentration was necessary. Two freeze-dried urine standards were used to validate the method. Agreement between reported total As concentration and the sum the concentrations of the individual species determined by HPLC-ICP-MS was within 2% and 13% for both standards spiked with arsenate. Table 3.3 shows the results of this comparison. 

As shown in Table 2.4, atomic absorption is extremely sensitive. It is particularly suited to the analyses of arsenic and lead in gasolines, for sodium in fuel oils (where it is the only reliable method) and for mercury in gas condensates. 

Some 2-arylamino arsenic derivatives of thiazole have been also prepared (598) (Table 11-18). 

Thousands of compounds of the actinide elements have been prepared, and the properties of some of the important binary compounds are summarized in Table 8 (13,17,18,22). The binary compounds with carbon, boron, nitrogen, siUcon, and sulfur are not included these are of interest, however, because of their stabiUty at high temperatures. A large number of ternary compounds, including numerous oxyhaUdes, and more compHcated compounds have been synthesized and characterized. These include many intermediate (nonstoichiometric) oxides, and besides the nitrates, sulfates, peroxides, and carbonates, compounds such as phosphates, arsenates, cyanides, cyanates, thiocyanates, selenocyanates, sulfites, selenates, selenites, teUurates, tellurites, selenides, and teUurides. 

The amount of HEU that becomes avadable for civdian use through the 1990s and into the twenty-first century depends on the number of warheads removed from nuclear arsenals and the amount of HEU in the weapons complex that is already outside of the warheads, ie, materials stockpdes and spent naval reactor fuels. An illustrative example of the potential amounts of weapons-grade materials released from dismanded nuclear weapons is presented in Table 7 (36). Using the data in Table 7, a reduction in the number of warheads in nuclear arsenals of the United States and Russia to 5000 warheads for each country results in a surplus of 1140 t of HEU. This inventory of HEU is equivalent to 205,200 t of natural uranium metal, or approximately 3.5 times the 1993 annual demand for natural uranium equivalent. 

Shale oil contains large quantities of olefinic hydrocarbons (see Table 8), which cause gumming and constitute an increased hydrogen requirement for upgrading. Properties for cmde shale oil are compared with petroleum cmde in Table 10. High pour points prevent pipeline transportation of the cmde shale oil (see Pipelines). Arsenic and iron can cause catalyst poisoning. 

OrganometaUics and organometaHoids that yield peroxides in this manner include those in which Q is aluminum, antimony, arsenic, boron, cadmium, germanium, lead, phosphoms, siUcon, and tin and in which X is chlorine, bromine, alkoxy, acetoxy, cyano, oxide, hydride, hydroxyl, amino, alkyl, and boron tetrafluoride (28,33,44,60) (see Table 3). 

Organomineral peroxides of antimony arsenic, boron, magnesium, tin, cadmium, lead, silicon, and 2inc have been prepared by autoxidation and some are Hsted in Table 3 (33,44,60,93,115). For example, dimethyl cadmium reacts with oxygen to form methylperoxy methyl cadmium [69331-62-0] and bis(methylperoxy) cadmium. 

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