Array upper function

Arrays are indexed starting with 1, rather than with 0 as is done in some computer languages. Notice that there are no array upper bounds specified for the first dimension of coords in the table creation. This allows each row to have a different number of atoms. The array upper function can be used to return the actual dimension used in any array. 

The array upper function requires two arguments the name of the array and the index for which the upper limit is requested. The function call array upper (coord, 1) would return the number of atoms. The function call array upper (coord, 2) would return 3. Even though the second index upper limit was specified as 3 in the table creation above, this was done for clarity and because the array was intended to hold 3-D coordinates. PostgreSQL does not enforce this upper limit. In fact, it would be possible to insert two-dimensional coordinates into the coordtest table. However, it is not allowed to mix two- and three-dimensional coordinates within any one array. Once the first atoms coordinates are given the insert statement, each succeeding atom must have the same dimensionality of coordinates. 

The array upper function can be used to determine the actual dimensions of an array. The following SQL would select only the 2-D coordinates arrays from the coordtest table. 

Fig. 2. Example of rough activity landscape. This figure shows the activity landscape for a series of related antibacterial compounds plotted in using the 2D BCUT descriptors to arrange the compounds. (A) Shows how the compounds are arrayed in a 2D representation of the chemistry space with the height of the marker being proportional to the minimum inhibitor concentration of the compounds [the smaller the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) the more potent the compound]. (B) This second panel presents the upper figure as a 2D figure to enhance the sharp cutoff between active and inactive compounds, emphasizing the point that activity landscapes are rarely smooth continuous functions.

Frequency domain functions are denoted by upper case letters. Of importance for the TDFRS experiment is the discrete Fourier transform of an array of N data points within a period of N At ... 

Figure 17.19 Calculated excitation intensity enhancement as a function of wavelength at the bottom 10 nm slice (VI) of a single 150 mn diameter nanoaperture in 100 nm thick gold compared to an array of nanoapertures of spacings 400 nm, 500 nm and 600 nm. Excitation occurs from the substrate side and the upper region is air.

FIGURE 8.25. The relationship between pore diameter and n-type doping density of the silicon substrate for stable formation of macropore arrays. The upper and lower limits of stable pore formation are shown as a function of substrate resistivity (dashed lines). (Reprinted from Lehmann and Griining. 1997, with permission from Elsevier Science.)... 

Recent work in southern Africa has focused on developing a teleseismic travel time tomography image for the upper mantle (James et al. 2001 James Fouch 2002). The objective of teleseismic travel time tomography is to determine a 3D seismic image for a volume of Earth beneath the seismie array based on the arrival times from a large number of source-receiver combinations. The 3D model is normally expressed in terms of perturbations to a reference model in which the velocity is a function only of radius, where the 3D perturbations account for that part of the travel time not explained by the reference model. 

MCPs operate on the same principle as CDEMs. A microchannel plate is essentially a monolithic array of miniaturized CDEMs fabricated in a single wafer or disk of glass. The disk contains pores extending from the upper surface to the lower surface. These pores are known as channels and perform the same function as the interior of the tube in a CEM, but in contrast to a typical CEM, the entrance ends of the channels are not flared. The channels are typically 3 to 30 micrometers in diameter depending on the design. The length of the channels is set by the thickness of the disk, typically 200 to 1000 micrometers. MicroChannel plates can be fabricated in areas measured in cm, and because the disk-shaped profile forms a nearly flat stopping surface for ions, they are ideal detectors for TOE mass spectrometers. Burle and Hamamatsu are the major suppliers of these devices. 

To illustrate the predictive power of equation (6.20), consider a simple canopy consisting of an array of circular cylinders. The frontal area per volume, a, has a step function profile, which produces a step-function velocity profile, as depicted in Figure 6.7. For this canopy (6.19) reduces to the following, in which ui and A represent the velocity and diffusivity, respectively, in the lower (/ = 1) and upper (i = 2) layer of the canopy. 

FIGURE 4.3 The variety of ProteinChip arrays available for sample preparation. (A) The upper arrays represent chemically modified chromatographic surfaces, while the bottom arrays are biochemically modified surfaces. Chemically modified surfaces are used to retain a group of proteins, while biochemically modified surfaces are typically used to isolate a specific protein or functional class of proteins. (B) Protein profile of a cell lysate on different ProteinChip surfaces. As shown in the figure for a selection of protein chips, the individual surfaces retain different groups of proteins, depending on their physiochemical properties. The proteins retained are also dependent on the pH of the sample for the cation and anion exchange surfaces. 

A parameter involved in specifying the cell coordinates in an array is called an index if there is any ambiguity about their nature, indices should be declared as integers. (Special VBA functions such as LBound and UBound, for lower bound and upper bound respectively, always specify integers, and therefore need not be dimensioned as such.)... 

FIGURE 14.6 The potential energy W(z) of a polar molecule as a function of position z along the axis of an array of field stages (electrode pairs) with voltages applied as shown. Repeated switching between the upper and the lower field configuration is performed after a time interval f2 f i ... 

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