Arms transfers

Jenner used pustular material from a cowpox lesion as an inoculum instead of similar material from a smallpox lesion. For this experiment, he inoculated cowpox lesion material from the hand of a milkmaid into the skin of an 8-year-old boy (Figure 1.1). The boy resisted variolation when challenged with smallpox about 6 weeks later. During another outbreak, several more inoculations were performed, and subsequent inoculations took place by arm-to-arm transfer of infectious material. Two years later, Jenner wrote The Inquiry (An inquiry into the causes and effects of the variolae vaccinae, a disease discovered in some of the Western countries of England, particularly Gloucestershire, and known by the name of Cow Pox). By 1799, Jenner s observations had been confirmed by several other practitioners, and over 1000 people had received the cowpox vaccine. Within another 3 years, the practice of cowpox inoculations had spread across Europe to North America and Asia, utilizing... 

A conventional single synthesis system utilizes valves and tubing to route the flow of reagents to the reactor. As the number of reactors increases, it becomes impractical to have valves and tubing for each reactor. To eliminate the need for this added hardware, multiple synthesizers are often based on robotic designs, where the reactors remain stationary in a rack and one or more robotic arms transfer reagents to the individual reactors. The common steps can be expedited by simultaneous delivery to many reactors using... 

Arms Control and Disarmament Agency, Soviet Noncompliance with Arms Control Agreements, Text of a Letter from the President to the Speaker of the House of Representatives and the President of the Senate, 15 February 1991. Arms Control and Disarmament Agency, World Military Expenditures and Arms Transfers 1986, Washington DC, 1987. 

Arms Control and Disarmament Agency, World Military Expenditures and Arms Transfers 1990, Washington DC, 1991. 

The pure quinaldine can now be isolated by either of the following methods, (a) Transfer the acetylated mixture to a Claisen flask (preferably having a short fractionating column below the side-arm) and distil the mixture slowly at water-pump pressure by heating the flask in an oil or silicone bath. The first fraction, of b.p. ca. 50715 mm., contains acetic acid and... 

The absorption tubes are then detached from each other, transferred to their stand, and polished, matured and weighed exactly as at the beginning of the experiment, taking care that no particles of rubber or wax are left in the side-arms. They must be repolished, matured and reweighed before they are used for a further determination. Finally when the tube is cool, the tap Tj of the purification train may be closed and the oxygen supply shut off. 

Trimethylene Di-iodide. Use 76 g. of trimethylene glycol, 27 - 52 g. of pmified red phosphorus and 254 g. of iodine. Lag the arm C (Fig. Ill, 40, ) with asbestos cloth. Stop the heating immediately all the iodine has been transferred to the fiask. Add water to the reaction mixture, decolourise with a httle sodium bisulphite, filter, separate the crude iodide, wash it twice with water, dry with anhydrous potassium carbonate and distU under reduced pressure. B.p. 88-89°/6 mm. Yield 218 g. (a colourless liquid). 

Ethyl formate. Reflux a mixture of 61 g. (50 ml.) of A.R. formic acid (98/100 per cent.) and 31 g. (39-5 ml.) of absolute ethyl alcohol for 24 hours. Transfer to a Claisen flask with fractionating side arm (or attach a fractionating column to the flask), distil and collect the liquid passing over below 62°. Wash the distillate with saturated sodium bicarbonate solution and saturate with salt before removing the ester layer. Dry with anhydrous sodium or magnesium sulphate, filter, and distil. The ethyl formate passes over at 53-54°. The yield is 36 g. 

Decant the liquid layer into a 2 5 litre flask, and dissolve the sodium derivative of acetylacetone in 1600 ml. of ice water transfer the solution to the flask. Separate the impiue ethyl acetate layer as rapidly as possible extract the aqueous layer with two 200 ml. portions of ether and discard the ethereal extracts. Treat the aqueous layer with ice-cold dilute sulphimic acid (100 g. of concentrated sulphiu-ic acid and 270 g. of crushed ice) until it is just acid to htmus. Extract the diketone from the solution with four 200 ml. portions of ether. Leave the combined ether extracts standing over 40 g. of anhydrous sodium sulphate (or the equivalent quantity of anhydrous magnesium sulphate) for 24 hours in the ice chest. Decant the ether solution into a 1500 ml. round-bottomed flask, shake the desiccant with 100 ml. of sodium-dried ether and add the extract to the ether solution. Distil off the ether on a water bath. Transfer the residue from a Claisen flask with fractionating side arm (Figs. II, 24, 4r-5) collect the fraction boiling between 130° and 139°. Dry this over 5 g. of anhydrous potassium carbonate, remove the desiccant, and redistil from the same flask. Collect the pure acetji-acetone at 134r-136°. The yield is 85 g. 

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