Arctic ozone depletion

Manney, G. L., R. W. Zurek, L. Froidevaux, and J. W. Waters, Evidence for Arctic Ozone Depletion in Late February and Early March 1994, Geophys. Res. Lett., 22, 2941-2944 (1995). 

Austin, J., and N. Butchart, The Influence of Climate Change and the Timing of Stratospheric Warmings on Arctic Ozone Depletion, J. Geophys. Res., 99, 1127-1145 (1994). 

Martinez M., Arnold T., and Perner D. (1999) The role of bromine and chlorine chemistry for arctic ozone depletion events in Ny-Alesund and comparison with model calculations. Ann. Geophys. 17, 941-956. 

Aircraft, large and small balloons, ground-based instruments and satellites are being used to measure ozone and other atmospheric gases and particles. The combined activities aim to improve the understanding of Arctic ozone depletion and upgrade satellite observations of the ozone layer. The joint initiative involves over 400 scientists from the European Union, Canada, Iceland, Japan, Norway, Poland, Russia, Switzerland and the United States. 

Chipperfield, M.P., and J.A. Pyle, Model sensitivity studies of Arctic ozone depletion. J Geophys Res 103, 28,389, 1998. 

Manney, G.L., R.W. Zurek, L. Foidevaux, and J.W. Waters, Evidence for arctic ozone depletion in late February and early March 1994. Geophys Res Lett 22, 2941, 1995c. 

Other secondary chlorine species (atomic Cl, CIO, ClOOCl etc.) have been made responsible for Arctic ozone depletion, whereas the sources of the chlorine atoms are poorly understood (Keil and Shepson 2006). The Cl atom reacts similarly to OH (e. g. in oxidation of volatile organic compounds Cai and Griffin 2006). However, the photolysis of HCl is too slow (even in the stratosphere) to provide atomic Cl. Thus, the only direct Cl source from HCl is due to its reaction with OH, but with a fairly low reaction rate constant (Rossi 2003). There are several chemical means of production of elemental Cl (and other halogens) from heterogeneous chemistry (see Chapter 5.8.2) in the troposphere the photolysis of chloroorganic is not very important, with a few exceptions (see Chapter 5.8.1). 

Ozone depletion is by no means restricted to the Southern Hemisphere. In the extremely cold winter of 1994-1995, a similar "ozone hole" was found in the Arctic. Beyond that, the concentration of ozone in the atmosphere over parts of Siberia dropped by 40%. 

The development of the ozone hole over Antarctica is accelerated by heterogeneous catalysis on microciystals of ice. These microcrystals form in abundance in the Antarctic spring, which is when the ozone hole appears. Ice microciystals are less common in the Arctic atmosphere, so ozone depletion has not been as extensive in the Northern Hemisphere. 

Architectural coatings, 18 55-56 economic aspects of, 18 73-74 Architectural fabrics, 13 394 Architectural paints, 18 72 Archives, preservation of, 11 414 Arch Raschig process flow sheet, 13 578 Arc melting techniques, 25 522-523 ARCO process, 23 342 Arc-resistance furnace, 12 304 Arc resistance testing, 19 587 Arctic polar stratospheric clouds, effect on ozone depletion, 17 789-790 Arc vaporization, 24 738 Arc welding, copper wrought alloys,... 

Supporting a seawater source for the halogens is the observation by Shepson and co-workers of significant amounts of as yet unidentified photolyzable chlorine as well as bromine compounds in the spring in the Arctic (Impey et al., 1997a, 1997b). In addition, Platt and co-workers have detected both BrO and CIO at the surface during ozone depletion events (Platt and Haus-mann, 1994 Hausmann and Platt, 1994 Tuckermann et al, 1997). 

Beine, H. J., D. A. Jaffe, F. Stordal, M. Engardt, S. Solbert, N. Schmidbauer, and K. Holmen, NOA during Ozone Depletion Events in the Arctic Troposphere at Ny-Alesund, Svalbard, Tellus, 49B, 556-565 (1997). 

Fan, S.-M., and D. J. Jacob, Surface Ozone Depletion in Arctic Spring Sustained by Bromine Reactions on Aerosols, Nature, 359, 522-524 (1992). 

C. H. Langford, and E. M. J. Templeton, Photochemical Bromine Production Implicated in Arctic Boundary-Layer Ozone Depletion, Nature, 355, 150-152 (1992). 

Solberg, S., N. Schmidtbauer, A. Semb, F. Stordal, and O. Hov, Boundary-Layer Ozone Depletion As Seen in the Norwegian Arctic in Spring, J. Atmos. Chem., 23, 301-332 (1996). 

Given the dramatic decrease in stratospheric ozone in the Antarctic during spring, a similar phenomenon might be expected in the Arctic as well. However, it is now clear that while ozone depletion occurs in the... 

Edouard, S., B. Legras, F. Lefevre, and R. Eymard, The Effect of Small-Scale Inhomogeneities on Ozone Depletion in the Arctic, Nature, 384, 444-447 (1996). 

Muller, R., P. J. Crutzen, J.-U. GrooB, C. Briihl, J. M. Russell III, and A. F. Tuck, Chlorine Activation and Ozone Depletion in the Arctic Vortex Observations by the Halogen Occultation Experiment on the Upper Atmosphere Research Satellite, J. Geophys. Res., 101, 12531-12554 (1996). 

The Airborne Submillimeter SIS Radiometer (ASUR), operated on-board the German research aircraft FALCON, measures thermal emission lines of stratospheric trace gases at submillimeter wavelength. Measurement campaigns with respect to ozone depletion in the Arctic winter stratosphere were carried out in yearly intervals from 1992-97 to investigate the distributions of the radical chlorine monoxide (CIO), the reservoir species hydrochloric acid (HC1), the chemically inert tracer nitrous oxide (N20), and ozone (O3). The high sensitivity of the receiver allowed to take spatially well resolved measurements inside, at the edge, and outside of the Arctic polar vortex. This paper focuses on the results obtained for CIO from... 

---