Arabian residues

Beaton and Bertolacini [5] have suggested that ca 50% of the Ni in a heavy oil resides in the asphaltene fraction. Given that asphaltenes absorb preferentially during the initial stages of deactivation, the use of a heavy Arabian residue containing 25 ppm Ni [20] would infer that... 

Fig. 10. Predicted and experimental distillation curves of Arabian residues (Ali et al., 1985).

Characteristics Atmospheric residue (Arabian light) Vacuum residue (VR) Visbroken residue (on VR) LCO (low sulfur) HCO (low sulfur)... 

Residue cuts from 0.950 Arabian Light crude. 

Residue cuts fmm Arabian Light crude. Pour point and Conradson carbon as a function of residue yield. 

Feedstock 50/50 Arabian light and heavy crude VD VD hydrotreated Atm. residue hydrotreated... 

Feedstock 50/50 vol. % light and heavy Arabian crudes Atm. residue Vacuum residue... 

Chang, J., Tsubaki, N., Fujimoto, K., Elemental Sulfur as an Effective Promoter for the Catalytic Hydrocracking of Arabian Vacuum Residue. Fuel, 2001. 80(11) pp. 1639-43. 

FAU 5.5 NiO(1.7) M0O3 (6.7) Arabian heavy atmospheric residue Autoclave 410°G 9.8MPa 74.9% liquid product, 52% HDS activity, 26.8% HDN activity Contains mesopores [123]... 

Petroleum residues were measured in the northern Arabian Sea to assess the contamination following the oil spills resulting from the Gulf War in 1991. Little change in variables related to oil pollution took place in any compartment of the marine environment—water, plankton, fish, and sediments (Sengupta et al. 1993). 

Property Arabian light vacuum residue Arabian heavy vacuum residue Orinoco Cerro Negro vacuum residue Offshore California atm. residue... 

Sarkar, A., Sen Gupta, R., 1987. Chlorinated pesticide residues in sediments from the Arabian Sea along the central west coast of India. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 39, 1049-1054. 

Shailaja, M.S., Sen Gupta, R., 1990. Residues of dichlorodiphenyl trichloroethane and metabolites in zooplankton from the Arabian Sea. Curr. Sci. 59, 929-931. 

Because of the increased sulfur and impurity levels in crudes currently being processed, refiners in recent years have been considering residue desulfurization units upstream of the delayed coker. In addition to the reduction in sulfur content, residue desulfurization units also lower the metals and carbon residue contents. Due to the reduction in the carbon residue, the liquid product yield is increased and the coke yield reduced. In addition, the coke produced from a desulfurized residue may be suitable for use as anode grade coke. Table I shows the yields and product properties after coking Medium Arabian vacuum residue, with and without upstream residue desulfurization. 

Feedstock Light Arabian crude (whole) UnidentiAed crude Kha(]i vacuum residue... 

DouAhul, A. A. Z., Al-Saad, H. T, Darmoian, S. A. Distribution of petroleum residues in surficial sediments from the North-West region of the Arabian Gulf. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 15 198-200 (1984). 

Activity Tests with Atmospheric Residue. Activity tests with Arabian Heavy atmospheric residue were conducted for the fresh and aged catalysts in a fixed-bed reactor with 100 cm catalyst bed at a temperature of 360 °C, pressure of 12 MPa, and a LHSV of 1.0 Hr"l. Such a mild reaction condition was chosen to keep from further coke build-up during the test runs. The catalysts were presulfided with carbon disulfide in light gas oil up to 300 °C. A product sample was taken 18 hours after an operation condition was settled. 

Feedstock Mainly Iranian Heavy Atomosoheric Residue Mainly Arabian Heavy Atmospheric residue... 

The possibility of cofeeding plastic wastes with petroleum cuts such as vacuum gas oil (VGO) [110], Arabian fight petroleum residues [111], light cycle oil [84], lube oils [88] or even raw chemicals such as benzene [85] has been widely investigated in the literature. The underlying aim is to reduce the high viscosity of the molten plastics. However, there is a limit since the maximum amount of plastics in the mixture to achieve a convenient rheological behaviour must be at most within 5-10 wt%. 

Table 14.1 Typical vacuum residue properties of Saudi Arabian crude oils ( 538°C- -)...

This section deals with the economic evaluation of the conversion of mixed plastics waste (MPW) into synthetic crude (syncrude) oil and coprocessing of MWP with vacuum residue into syncrude. In their feasibility study, Ali and co-workers considered the process technology developed by Veba Oel AG of Germany the Veba Combi-Cracking (VCC) option for the processing of MPW [31], The process data and economic data were taken mainly from Dijkema and Stougie [32] and Huffman and Shah [33] for this study. All the cost data were translated to represent the economic analysis for Saudi Arabian conditions. 

Vanadium deposits of up to 0.9 g cm have been obtained from Arabian heavy atmospheric residue (figure 4 [20]), inferring ca 10-25 monolayers on the surface. Based on the crystallite dimensions of vanadium sulphide, this corresponds to a deposit some 3-8 nm in depth. Given that the deposit forms, together with coke, on both sides of a pore of diameter ca 20 nm, it is not surprising that the pores are closed off and that the catalyst loses almost all activity [20]. 

Heavy Arabian and Kuwait atmospheric residue feeds were used for evaluating kinetic parameters, temperature response, and metal deposition profiles for RM-430 catalyst. The data from these experiments indicated a one and one-half order dependence for metal removal at the process conditions tested. The temperature response of RM-430 catalyst is shown in Figure 1. The activation energy for vanadium and nickel were Vanadium -36.1 kcal/mol. Nickel -27.3 kcal/mol. 

The activity tests of the catalysts used in the commercial reactors were conducted in the bench-scale reactor. The aged catalyst samples were taken from the second bed through the fourth, where the hydrodesulfurization catalyst was packed. The aged catalysts were Soxhlet-extracted with toluene followed by drying. The activity tests were conducted for the fresh and aged catalysts with Arabian Heavy atmospheric residue at a temperature of 360 °C and pressure of 12 MPa. A detail of the study on the catalyst deactivation in the commercial reactors will be discussed elsewhere [9]. 

We have done pilot plant tests under both MHC and HDS conditions, to show and explain the particularities of each mode. The MHC mode of operation is characterized by a reactor temperature of 410°C to produce maximum middle distillates using Iranian Heavy Atmospheric Residue (IH-AR) feed. A constant hydrodesulfurization test was done at 93% HDS with Arabian Medium Atmospheric Residue (AM-AR) feed. 

Figures 10 and 11 show some examples of model predictions of the feedstock characterization of crude distillation residues. Figure 10 compares model predictions with the experimental distillation curves of three Arabian atmospheric residues. Figure 11 shows the model ability in predicting the aromatic carbon content and the H/C of different feeds in comparison with some NMR data. A more detailed description and discussion of this residue characterization is reported elsewhere (Bozzano et al., 1995, 1998).

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