Aqueous Arachidonate

Srivastava KC. (1984). Aqueous extracts of onion, garlic and ginger inhibit platelet aggregation and alter arachidonic acid metabolism. Biomed Biochim Acta. 43(8-9) S335-46. 

Capasso F. (1986). The effect of an aqueous extract of Tanacetum parthenium L. on arachidonic acid metabolism by rat peritoneal leucocytes. J Pharm Pharmacol. 38(1) 71-72. 

Triethanolamine has been clinically tested with other model irritant compoimds for potency to stimulate signal release of proinflammatory mediators in hrnnan skin in order to find biomarkers of irritancy. Neat or aqueous triethanolamine was applied to the lower arm of 12 male volimteers after 24 h, suction blister fluid specimens were taken from the site of treated skin. Triethanolamine caused no significant increase in arachidonic acid and prostaglandin concentrations in suction blister fluid samples, in... 

Aprotic chiral ligands, metal alkyls, 255 Aqueous surfactants, 340 Arachidonic acid, prostaglandin synthesis, 298... 

Sulfasalazine. Salicylazosulfapyridine or Azulfadine [599-79-1] (2-hydroxy-5-[[4[(2-pyridylamino)sulfonyl]-phenyl]azo] benzoic acid) (15) is a light brownish yellow-to-bright yellow fine powder that is practically tasteless and odorless. It melts at ca 255°C with decomposition, is very slightly soluble in ethanol, is practically insoluble in water, diethyl ether, chloroform, and benzene, and is soluble in aqueous solutions of alkali hydroxides. Sulfasalazine may be made by the synthesis described in Reference 13. It is not used as an antidiarrheal as such, but is indicated for the treatment of inflammatory bowel diseases such as ulcerative colitis and Crohn s disease. Its action is purported to result from the breakdown in the colon to 5-aminosalicylic acid [89-57-6] (5-AS A) and sulfapyridine [144-83-2]. It may cause infertility in males, as well as producing idiosyncratic reactions in some patients these reactions have been attributed to the sulfa component of the compound. The mechanism of 5-ASA is attributed to inhibition of the arachidonic acid cascade preventing leukotriene B4 production and the ability to scavenge oxygen free radicals. The active component appears to be 5-aminosalicylic acid. 

Wittig reagents can represent enolates of unsymmetrical ketones. From Corey s work on arachidonic acid metabolites18 comes the coupling between the aldehyde 92 and the phosphonium salt 93. This is very impressive as both components have multiple functionality and there is no loss of stereochemical integrity even though the Wittig reaction is done in aqueous NaOH. 

The benzofuran epoxides 70 are found to be the most reactive epoxides functioning as alkylative agents. Polyunsaturated free fatty acids, namely linoleic, arachidonic, and eicosatrienic acids, and also their methyl esters have been epoxidized using lb <2006HCA2243>. When the reaction is performed in water, it has been found that due to supramolecular organization of fatty acids into a micelle, the C=C bonds closest to the aqueous-micelle interface are most prone to epoxidation. 

Srivastava KC. Effects of aqueous extracts of onion, garlic, and ginger on platelet aggregation and metabolism of arachidonic acid in the blood vascular system in vitro study. Prostagland Leukotr Med 1984 13 227-235. 

Batirel, H.F., Aktan, S., Aykut, C., Yegen, B.C. and Coskun, T. (1996) The effect of aqueous garlic extract on the levels of arachidonic acid metabolites (leukotriene C4 and prostaglandin E2) in rat forebrain after ischemia-reperfusion injury. Prostaglandins Leukot. Essent. Fatty Acids. 54 289-292. 

Inflammation is a normal and complex reaction by the body to an injury. Aloe has been used in traditional medicine for its anti-inflaimnatoiy use. The aqueous and chloroform extracts of aloe inhibit the effect on carrageen induced edema. This effect was associated with an inhibitory action on the arachidonic acid pathway via cyclooxygenase 68). Aloe gel components were able to suppress bacterial induced pro-inflarmnatoiy production of cytokines (systematically elevated after a bacterial invasion), namely TNF-a and IL-p 69). 

It has been demonstrated, not only with linolenate (18 3) aqueous solutions but also with linoleate (18 2), and more recently with arachidonate (20 4) solutions [18], that the hydroperoxides were composed of two different kinds of molecules according to the concentration of PUFA in the irradiated medium. Indeed, for a given PUFA, above the critical micellar concentration, namely when micelles are formed, one type of hydroperoxide predominates, whereas when monomers (or very small aggregates) are dispersed in solution (below the cmc), other types of hydroperoxide are formed. This phenomenon is illustrated in Figure 5 for arachidonate. We can see that monohydroperoxides are produced in micelles whereas in monomers, either a cyclic hydroperoxide or an aliphatic dihydroperoxide is obtained [18]. 

Figure 5. Proposed structures of hydroperoxides formed in arachidonate (20 4) aqueous solutions (pH = 10.5) submitted to y-rays. Monohydroperoxides (6 isomers in positions 5, 8, 9, 11, 12, 15) are formed in micellar medium (high arachidonate concentration) whereas monocyclic and bicyclic hydroperoxides, together with dihydroperoxides are produced in dispersed monomers (low arachidonate concentration) [18],...

Unlike saturated FAs, carbon-labeled polyunsaturated arachidonate and docosahexaenoate can be used with autoradiography or PET scanning without the inhibitor, because they are minimally oxidized (Osmundsen, Cervenka, Bremer, 1982) only 15% of their label is found in the brain nonvolatile aqueous compartment 20 min after an intravenous injection. [ H]Arachidonate or [ Hjdocosahexaenoate produce only 10% nonvolatile aqueous background activity. 

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