Aquatic organisms, acute toxicity

Intraperitoneai Skin irritation Eye irritation Skin sensitisation Effects on aquatic organism Acute toxicity to fish Chronic toxicity to fish Effects on reproduction and... 

Bromobenzene is moderately toxic to aquatic organisms (acute LC50 to fathead minnow of 5.6 mg 1 ). 

Oncogenicity Population Reduction in Non-target Animal Species Organisms Acute Toxicity to Aquatic Organisms... 

Acute Toxicity to Aquatic Invertebrates Acute Toxicity to Estuarine and Marine Organisms Embryo Larvae and Life-Cycle Studies of Fish and Aquatic Invertebrates... 

Many data are available on acute and chronic effects of alkyl ethoxylates on aquatic organisms. Sometimes, toxic concentrations for the same organism differ considerably. The reason for this is that different types of alkyl ethoxylates were used for measuring the toxicity, i.e. they vary in alkyl chain length and number of ethoxylate... 

Safety/Toxicity Acute toxicity,25.26 algal toxidty,27.28 toxicity to aquatic organisms,29 toxicity to bacteria,3o ecotoxicity, environmental poUutants,32 genotoxicity, marine toxicity, mutagenicity, 35 neurotoxicity36... 

Esther Chemical name CAS No. chemical/physical properties degradation acute toxicity to aquatic organisms acute and subacute toxicity to mammals or birds and mutagenicity. Only 73 entries. 

The majority of studies on the acute and chronic toxicity of phthalates to aquatic organisms show no toxic effects at concentrations 200—1000 times the water solubiUty. However, there are some studies iadicatiag higher toxicity which are beheved to be due to the flotation and entrapment effects outlined above. 

Fig. 7. Toxicity of chlorine to aquatic organisms, (a) Time-dependent mortaUty (50%) of four example species in various levels of total residual chlorine in the laboratory, where for A, A.losa aestivalis and B, Salmogairdnerii r (correlation coefficient of the curve) = —0.96 and for C, P/euroneetesplatessa and D, Salmo trutta r = —0.98. (b) A summary of chlorine toxicity to freshwater species, indicating overall no-effect thresholds for acute and chronic exposures. Numbers indicate where more than one test yielded the same result. A different summary figure appHes to marine organisms because of differences in the...

The LC50 is the lethal concentration of chemical (e.g. in air or water) that will cause the death of 50% of the sample population. This is most appropriate as an indicator of the acute toxicity of chemicals in air breathed (or in water, for aquatic organisms). Table 5.11 illustrates the use of LD50 values to rank the toxicity of substances. 

Toxicity Bioassay. Ninety-six hour acute toxicity tests were conducted on the effluent streams of major industries. A static renewal procedure was used in which waste waters of various dilutions were renewed at 24 hour intervals over a 96 hour period. Rainbow trout was used as the test organism. Tests were conducted at 13°C in 20 liter aquaria according to standard procedures (22), Results are summarized in Table 8. Chemical and toxicity test results indicate that the trace element quantities identified in Table 8 are not acutely toxic under the prevailing conditions and unlikely to pose an acute threat to aquatic life. In this case a chronic toxicity assessment would require additional research. 

Fig. 2. Acute toxicity of organotin compounds to freshwater aquatic organisms.

Turning to the acute toxicity of PAH, terrestrial organisms will be dealt with before considering aquatic organisms, to which somewhat different considerations apply. The acute toxicity of PAHs to mammals is relatively low. Naphthalene, for example, has a mean oral LD50 of 2700 mg/kg to the rat. Similar values have been found with other PAHs. LC50 values of 150 mg/kg and 170-210 mg/kg have been reported, for phenanthrene and fluorene, respectively, in the earthworm. The NOEL level for survival and reproduction in the earthworm was estimated to be 180 mg/ kg dry soil for benzo[a]pyrene, chrysene, and benzoMfluoranthene (Enviromnental Health Criteria 202). 

McCrary JE, Heagler MG. 1997. The use of a simultaneous multiple species acute toxicity test to compare the relative sensitivities of aquatic organisms to mercury. J Environ Sci Health Part A Environ Sci Eng Toxic Hazardous Substance Control 32 73-81. 

Bentley RE, Leblanc GA, Hollister TA, et al. 1976. Acute toxicity of diiospropylmethyl phosphonate and dicyclopentadiene to aquatic organisms. Wareham, MA E.G. and G. Bionomics. NTIS No. AD-A037-750. 

ACD/Tox Suite is a collection of software modules that predict probabilities for basic toxicity endpoints. Predictions are made from chemical structure and based upon large validated databases and QSAR models, in combination with expert knowledge of organic chemistry and toxicology. ToxSuite modules for Acute Toxicity, Genotoxicity, Skin Irritation, and Aquatic Toxicity have been used. 

Adams WJ, Biddinger GR, Robillard KA, Gorsuch JW (1995) A summary of the acute toxicity of 14 phthalate-esters to representative aquatic organisms. Environ Toxicol Chem 14 1569-1574... 

In all cases, the concentrations of malathion and fenitrothion measured in water (up to 5.8 and 1.2 pg/L, respectively) were below the LC50 (lethal concentration 50%) values reported for these compounds in oysters and mussels, which range between 2.7 and 278 mg/L in the case of malathion, and between 10.3 pg/L and 123 mg/L in the case of fenitrothion (http //www.pesticideinfo.org). However, it has to be stressed that these LC50 values express acute toxicity, that both malathion and fenitrothion might be bioaccumulated by molluscs (as their detection in biota suggests), and that aquatic organisms are exposed to a variety of contaminants, some of which could show synergetic or additive effects [40]. Further matters of... 

Conventional WWTPs are, therefore, unable to remove wide ranges of pharmaceuticals and other compounds. For pharmaceuticals, although acute toxicity of aquatic organisms or chronic effects are unlikely with the present concentrations due to dilution effects, a wide range of pharmaceuticals are detected in the Ebro, and the overall toxicity of mixed pharmaceuticals may be high. Further studies are therefore required to assess the interactions of different compounds and the consequential health effects. In a similar manner to other pollutants, pharmaceuticals have a clear sensitivity to climate change through dilution effects, and the projected future decrease in annual precipitation could cause certain compound concentrations (e.g. anti-inflammatory diclofenac and p-blocker pranolol) to reach levels which may cause chronic effects [76]. 

---