Applications urinary excretion level

D. The participants included 26 ground applicators in North Dakota after a single exposure and 17 aerial applicators in Washington during intermittent exposure. The objective was to ascertain worker exposure base-levels of 2,4-D under normal use conditions. Mean daily urinary excretion of 2,4-D by workers involved in aerial applications was 0.006 mg/kg body weight for pilots and 0.02 mg/kg for mixer/loaders from intermittent exposure. Workers involved in ground applications had maximum mean one-day 2,4-D urinary excretion of 0.002, 0.003, and 0.004 mg/kg, respectively, for applicators, mixer/loaders, and mixer/loader/applicators from a one-time exposure. The Ej/2 (half-elimination time for total... 

Information regarding the excretion of chromium in humans after dermal exposure to chromium or its compounds is limited. Fourteen days after application of a salve containing potassium chromate(VI), which resulted in skin necrosis and sloughing at the application site, chromium was found at 8 mg/L in the urine and 0.61 mg/100 g in the feces of one individual (Brieger 1920). A slight increase (over background levels) in urinary chromium levels was observed in four subjects submersed in a tub of chlorinated water containing 22 mg chromium(VI)/L as potassium dichromate(VI) for 3 hours (Corbett et al. 1997). For three of the four subjects, the increase in urinary chromium excretion was less than 1 pg/day over the 5-day collection period. 

Sarin and its corresponding nontoxic hydrolysis products (IMPA, and additional methyl phosphonic acids) are predominantly eliminated via the kidneys which are thus more important for detoxification than the liver (Little et al, 1986 Waser and Streichenberg, 1988). Urinary excretion happens quite rapidly as demonstrated for single dose s.c. application of sarin, cyclosarin, and soman to rats (Shih et al, 1994). The terminal elimination half-life was found to be 3.7 =E 0.1 h for sarin and 9.9 0.8 h for cyclosarin. In contrast soman showed a biphasic elimination with terminal half-fives of about 18.5 h and 3.6 h (Shih et al, 1994). Maximum peak levels of sarin metabolites in urine were detected 10-18 h after exposure (Minami et al, 1997) and after 2 days hydrolyzed sarin metabolites had been excreted nearly quantitatively (Shih et al, 1994). In contrast, even at 5 days post-exposure soman metabolite recovery was only 62% (Shih et al, 1994). Excretion of soman from blood, fiver, and kidney compartments following cfiemical and enzymatic hydrolysis is considered a first-order elimination process (Sweeney et al, 2006). 

PAHs are known to be absorbed through the skin after topical application as demonstrated by elevated levels of several PAHs in blood (22). Urinary excretion of 1-hydroxypyrene, a fluorescent metabolite of pyrene, has also been used as a marker of internal dose of coal tar (23—24). Elevated levels of sister chrcmiatid exchange (SCE) and chromosomal aberrations in peripheral blood lynphocytes and of urinary mutagens, measured by the Salmonella mutagenesis assay, have also been found (24-26). 

Poulsen HE, Loft S (1998) Interpretation of oxidative DNA modification Relation between tissue levels, excretion of urinary repair products and single cell gel electrophoresis (comet assay). In Aruoma 01, Halliwell B (eds) DNA free radicals Techniques, mechanisms and applications. OICA International, London, pp 261-70 Poulsen HE, Loft S, Weimann A (2000) Urinary measurement of 8-oxodG (8-oxo-2 -de-oxyguanosine). In Lunec J, Griffiths HR (eds) Measuring in vivo oxidative damage a practical approach. Wiley, London, pp 69-80... 

Derivatives of [14]N4(10) (cyclam) even in low doses have a good efficiency in reducing the lethal response to nickel. These macrocycles significantly enhance the urinary and biliary excretion of Nr and restore the altered levels of other trace metal ions such as Cu-+, Zn-, and Fe They are more efficient in this application than linear chelating agents such as EDTA or triethylenetetraamine (Athar et al., 1987 Misra et al., 1988). 

We mention this consideration because of Its Importance to harvesters and because the urine analyses may have to account for the excretion products of these metabolites. Urine collection from harvesters is not difficult, but consistently reliable urine sampling Is another matter. We have attempted to collect 24-hr. urine samples, but this did not work well. Harvesters In Florida are more mobile, appear for work erratically, and are less likely to understand Instructions than the applicator, mixer-loader group. However, a timed grab sample from the start of work until the noon break has provided excellent correlations between residue levels on foliage and urinary metabolites In harvesters (10). We attribute this to the greater opportunity for significant contamination Incidents of applicator, mixer-loaders over harvesters. 

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