Applications, photoconductors solar cells

OPVs are suitable for various applications in materials science Organic light emitting diodes (OLED), field-effect transistors (FET), semiconductors (doped), photoconductors, solar cells, photovoltaic devices, optical brighteners, laser dyes, nonlinear optics (NLO), optical switching, imaging techniques, photoresists and liquid crystals [la-e, Ij-o, Ir, Iv, 27, 120]. Among these applications, two fields will be selected here, namely NLO and electroluminescence studies. 

The last decade has revealed the importance of hydrogenated amorphous silicon (a-Si H) in a wide range of low-cost thin-fllm applications such as solar cells, photoconductors, memory cells, FETs, etc. Recently, the a-Si H has been examined as a new semiconductor for ACS applications by the authors of this chapter. The important role that we envision for this material in ACS devices has already been proved. 

The present 10 volume handbook has a much broader scope. It includes semiconductor materials, quantum wells and quantum dots, liquid crystals, conducting polymers, laser materids, photoconductors, electroluminescent and photorefractive materials, nanostructured, supramolecular, and self-assembled materials, ferroelectrics, and superconductors. Applications of these materials in photoconductors, optical fibers, xerography, solar cells, dynamic random access memory, and sensors are described. The Handbook contains contributions by 180 leading experts from 25 different countries. It truly represents the worldwide research efforts and results that support the global market of optoelectronics. All scientific and technical workers in this broad field are indebted to the contributing authors, the editor and Academic Press for publishing this comprehensive handbook for the new millennium. It will support further growth in a field that already has surpassed my wildest expectations of 40 years ago. 

In addition, some quinacridones have found unusual applications. For example, both quinacridone and its 2,9-dimethyl derivative have been found to exhibit desirable photovoltaic characteristics , and show relatively high power conversion efficiencies in solar cell fabrication. Some quinacridones have also been found to be reasonably good photoconductors, and 2,9-dichloroquinacridone has been shown to be a photoreceptor in electrophotography. A variety of other atypical applications have also been claimed in the patent literature. 

---