Applications of fluorescence

For most applications of fluorescence, photochemical effects are to be avoided. However, it can be valuable to understand the chemical reactions that occur in the excited state. 

Flow Cytometry, Wiley-Llss, New York, 202 pp. 

Shapiro, H. M., 1988, Practical Flow Cytometry, 2nd ed., Alan R. Liss, New York, 3S3 pp. 

Flow cytometry provides a method for measuring the emission from single cells as they pass through a laser beam. Flow cytometry can be used with DNA stains to measure the DNA content of cells, with antibodies to detect cell-surface antigens, or with sensing probes to measure intracellular concentrations of ions. 

Hurtubise, R. J., 1990, Phosphorimetry Theory, Instrumentation, and Applications, VCH Publish New York, 370 pp. 

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Molecular fluorescence and, to a lesser extent, phosphorescence have been used for the direct or indirect quantitative analysis of analytes in a variety of matrices. A direct quantitative analysis is feasible when the analyte s quantum yield for fluorescence or phosphorescence is favorable. When the analyte is not fluorescent or phosphorescent or when the quantum yield for fluorescence or phosphorescence is unfavorable, an indirect analysis may be feasible. One approach to an indirect analysis is to react the analyte with a reagent, forming a product with fluorescent properties. Another approach is to measure a decrease in fluorescence when the analyte is added to a solution containing a fluorescent molecule. A decrease in fluorescence is observed when the reaction between the analyte and the fluorescent species enhances radiationless deactivation, or produces a nonfluorescent product. The application of fluorescence and phosphorescence to inorganic and organic analytes is considered in this section. 

Zahradnik, Production and Application of Fluorescent PrighteningAgents,]ohxi Wiley Sons, Inc., New York, 1982. 

Application of Fluorescence Correlation Spectroscopy to the Measurement of Local Temperature at a Small Area in Solution... 

Application of Fluorescence Correlation Spectroscopy 145 Table 8.1 Local temperature deviation, extinction coefficient, thermal conductivity. 

Application of fluorescence correlation spectroscopy to the measurement of local temperature in solutions under optical trapping condition./. Phys. Chem. B, 111, 2365-2371. 

Applications of Fluorescent Labelled Heparin in Experimental Biology. To... 

This chapter focuses on recent developments in the design and applications of fluorescent organic markers, such as coumarins, benzoxadiazoles, acridones, acridines, polyaromatics (naphthalene, anthracene, and pyrene), fluorescein, and rho-damine derivatives, which display maximum fluorescence emission in the UV/ visible region and have been applied in the labeling of relevant biomolecules, namely DNA, RNA, proteins, peptides, and amino acids, among others. 

Hemilla, I. A. Applications of fluorescence in immunoassays. Wiley Interscience, 1991. 

Szolldsi, J., Damjanovich, S. and Matyus, L. (1998). Application of fluorescence resonance energy transfer in the clinical laboratory Routine and research. Cytometry 34, 159-79. 

The second major breakthrough for the application of fluorescent proteins was the isolation of the red fluorescent protein (RFP) drFP583 or DsRed from the Anthozoa and Discosoma sp., a mushroom-shaped anemone found in the warm waters of the Indo-Pacific ocean [13], The breakthrough was not only the discovery of the first true RFP, but equally important was the fact that it was discovered in a nonbioluminescent species and that the gene was cloned immediately. 

Fluorophores are relative small molecules that, with some exceptions, are not naturally occurring and have to be synthesized chemically. There has been a large development in the synthesis of fluorescent molecules and nowadays there is a vast range of alternatives including dyes with improved photochemical properties, solubility or modified reactivity that allow for conjugation to other molecules of interest and the synthesis and application of fluorescent sensors [10, 13], Although a lot is known about the physics of fluorescence and a lot of information is available about the properties of dyes, their prediction from the chemical structures cannot be accurately done. For this reason, there has been a... 

Bright, F.V. (1988) Bioanalytical applications of fluorescence spectroscopy. Anal. Ghent. 60,1031A-1039A. 

A.I. Hemmila, in Applications of Fluorescence in Immunoassay, pp. 146-148. John Wiley Sons Press (1991). 

In a later work, Stokes established the relationship between the intensity of fluorescence and the concentration, pointing out that the emission intensity depended on the concentration of the sample (analyte), but that attenuation of the signal occurred at higher concentrations as well as in the presence of foreign substances. He actually was the first to propose, in 1864, the application of fluorescence as an analytical tool, based on its sensitivity, on the occasion of a conference given previously in the Chemical Society and the Royal Institution, and entitled On the Application of the Optical Properties to the Detection and Discrimination of Organic Substances [5],... 

Table 2 Application of Fluorescence Derivatization Reagents to F1PLC with PO-CL Detection ... 

Fluorescence detection can be up to four orders of magnitude more sensitive than UV absorbance, especially where laser induced excitation is used, mass detection limits being as low as 10-20—10 21 mole. Pre- and post-column derivatization methods are being developed to extend the applicability of fluorescence detection to non-fluorescent substances. Several types of electrochemical and mass spectrometric detector have also been designed. Detector characteristics are summarized in Table 4.21. 

Purposes of the Application of Fluorescence Microscopy to Pistils Stained by Aniline Blue... 

Theron JM, Donald DGM, Broembsen SL, Van der Merwe JA (1982) The effect of warm water treatment of Pinus radiata seedlings on mycorrhizae survival, root growth capacity and Phytophthora eradication. S Afr For J 123 31-35 Thomashow LS, Weller DM (1990) Application of fluorescent pseudomonads to control root diseases of wheat and some mechanisms of disease suppression. In Hornby D (ed) Biological control of plant pathogens. CABI, Wallingford, UK, pp 109-122... 

The basic theory, principles, sensitivity, and application of fluorescence spectrometry (fluorometry) were discussed in Chapter 8. Like the UV absorption detector described above, the HPLC fluorescence detector is based on the design and application of its parent instrument, in this case the fluorometer. You should review Section 8.5 for more information about the fundamentals of the fluorescence technique. 

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