Applications in Medical Therapy

Fluorescent, TEOS-based mesoporous silica nanoparticles loaded with CPT have been delivered successfully into a human pancreatic cancer cell line, PANC-1, where they induced cell death. Uptake of the particles by cancer cells was monitored by fluorescence microscopy, and intracellular localization of nanoparticles was suggested, as observed in acidic organelles [115]. 

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Table 1.4 Enzymes of Potential Application in Medical Therapy... 

Therefore, it could be concluded that, nano elemental Se has a very special characterization, where Nano-Se, which is bright red, highly stable and of nano size in the redox state of zero (Se°), is nanoparticles manufactured for use in nutritional supplements and developed for applications in medical therapy. It has been reported that Nano-Se have a higher efficiency in upregulating selenoenzymes and exhibit less toxicity than selenite. There is still open question that, the biological effects of this form of Se in higher plants. 

Tuchin VV, ed. Selected Papers on Tissue Optics Applications in Medical Diagnostics and Therapy. Bellingham, WA SPIE Press, 1994. 

Photodynamic therapy is a powerful medical procedure that exploits the combined action of light and a photosensitizing agent for the destruction of abnormal tissues. Ideally, the photosensitizer should accumulate in the tumor cells, and the photoactivation should be carried out by irradiation with innocuous red or near-infrared (NIR) light (photodynamic window = 650-1000 nm) in order to promote the photodynamic effects only at the injured areas. Because of their suitable photochemical and photophysical properties, porphyrins and mthe-nium-polypyridine complexes are potentially useful photosensitizers for application in photodynamic therapy (217-222). 

However, intensive studies are in progress today in the biopharmaceutical industry for the application of alternate delivery systems, and future advances in medical therapies will depend on new deliveries. These new deliveries may focus on modified parenteral system(s), as well as cavitational, respiratory, gastrointestinal, nasal, dermal, and other areas. In each case, membrane and gastrointestinal barriers must be extensively studied in order to increase bioavailability. 

Changes in medication therapies and doses should be based on treatment response (or change in symptoms), tolerability of side effects, serum drug levels when applicable, and avoidance of drug interactions... 

Fullerenes appeared a few years ago and have been an object of many researches works in different areas, finding interesting properties on them [1, 2], Because of their symmetry, fullerenes have been studied trying to take any advantage around them. For example Miravete and Chiminelli [3] show how the structure of fullerenes is used to make nanotubes of carbon in an attempt to manufacture continuous fibers and use them in highly structural applications. Radicals have been used to improve some properties of existent materials, and have been widely studied both theoretically and experimentally [4-6]. Recently, UV response of some materials has been used in medical therapies such as photochemotherapy to treat mainly cancer diseases [7]. 

Abstract Nanoparticles (NPs, diameter range of 1-100 nm) can have size-dependent physical and electronic properties that are useful in a variety of applications. Arranging them into hollow shells introduces the additional functionalities of encapsulation, storage, and controlled release that the constituent NPs do not have.This chapter examines recent developments in the synthesis routes and properties of hollow spheres formed out of NPs. Synthesis approaches reviewed here are recent developments in the electrostatics-based tandem assembly and interfacial stabilization routes to the formation of NP-shelled structures. Distinct from the well-established layer-by-layer (LBL) synthesis approach, the former route leads to NP/polymer composite hollow spheres that are potentially useful in medical therapy, catalysis, and encapsulation applications. The latter route is based on interfacial activity and stabilization by NPs with amphiphilic properties, to generate materials like colloidosomes, Pickering emulsions, and foams. The varied types of NP shells can have unique materials properties that are not found in the NP building blocks, or in polymer-based, surfactant-based, or LBL-assembled capsules. 

Nuclear chemistry is the study of nuclear reactions, with an emphasis on their uses in chemistry and their effects on biological systems. Nuclear chemistr) affects our lives in many ways, particularly in energy and medical applications. In radiation therapy, for example, gamma rays from a radioactive substance such as cobalt-60 are directed to cancerous tumors to destroy them. Positron emission tomography (PET) is one example of a medical diagnostic tool that relies on decay of a radioactive element injected into the body. 

The reduced symmetry of the chromophore, which still contains 187t-electrons and is therefore an aromatic system, influences the electronic spectrum which shows a bathochromic shift and a higher molar extinction coefficient of the long-wavelength absorption bands compared to the porphyrin, so that the photophysical properties of the chlorins resulting from this structural alteration render them naturally suitable as pigments for photosynthesis and also make them of interest in medical applications, e.g. photodynamic tumor therapy (PDT).2... 

Many studies have examined the efficacy of a variety of psychosocial treatments for alcohol, cocaine, and opioid use disorders, alone and in conjunction with pharmacotherapy. However, only a handful of studies have explored how these two treatment approaches may interact. More research is needed to further explore the ways in which psychosocial interventions may be used in conjunction with pharmacotherapy to optimize outcomes for both treatments. Providing encouragement for abstinence, greater treatment retention, medication adherence, and coping with medication side effects are some potential applications of psychosocial therapies. 

An application already in the market is the temperature control utilizing PCM for transportation of pharmaceutical goods or other temperature sensitive goods. Also in the market is the utilization of PCM for cooling or heating of the human body, since it has been demonstrated both for personal comfort and for medical therapy. Passive cooling of buildings and of telecom cabinets are examples of widespread applications. 

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