Apple tannin

Besides the medicinally used herbal mixtures, there arc also the so-called household teas which are preferred by people who are sensitive to coffee or who do not wish to drink a caffeine-containing beverage on a regular basis. Household teas are made up from drugs which, apart from small amounts of tannins, have only aroma substances and possibly also plant acids bramble leaves, raspberry leaves, hibiscus flowers, hips and haws, and apple skins arc frequent components of such teas [4]. 

Binding down young apple organs bud) vitamins, tannin, resin, wax, aromas) ... 

Proanthocyanidins (PAs), also known as condensed tannins, are oligomeric and polymeric flavan-3-ols. Procyanidins are the main PAs in foods however, prodelphinidins and propelargonidins have also been identified (Gu and others 2004). The main food sources of total PAs are cinnamon, 8084 mg/100 g FW, and sorghum, 3937 mg/100 g FW. Other important sources of PAs are beans, red wine, nuts, and chocolate, their content ranging between 180 and 300 mg/100 g FW. In fruits, berries and plums are the major sources, with 213.6 and 199.9 mg/100 g FW, respectively. Apples and grapes are intermediate sources of PAs (60 to 90 mg/100 g FW), and the content of PAs in other fruits is less than 40 mg/100 g FW. In the majority of vegetables PAs are not detected, but they can be found in small concentrations in Indian squash (14.8 mg/ 100 g FW) (Gu and others, 2004 US Department of Agriculture, 2004). 

Carron, T.R., Robbins, M.P., and Morris, P., Genetic modification of condensed tannin biosynthesis in Lotus corniculatus. 1. Heterologous antisense dihydroflavonol reductase down-regulates tannin accumulation in hairy root cultures. Theor. Appl. Genet., 87, 153, 1994. 

Kantar, F., Pilbeam, C.J., and Hebblethwaite, P.D., Effect of tannin content opf faba bean Vida faba) seed on seed vigour, germination and field emergence, Ann. Appl. Biol, 128, 85, 1996. 

Faeth SH, Bultman TL. 1986. Interacting effects of increased tannin levels on leafmining insects. Entomol Exp Appl 40 297-300. 

Nomura M, Itioka T. 2002. Effects of synthesized tannin on the growth and survival of a generalist herbivorous insect, the common cutworm, Spodoptera litura Fabricius (Lepidoptera Noctuidae). Appl Entomol Zool 37 285-289. 

Takos AM, Ubi BE, Robinson S, Walker AR. 2006b. Condensed tannin biosynthesis genes are regulated separately from other flavonoid biosynthesis genes in apple fruit skin. Plant Sci 170 487 -99. 

Boye,B.,Farnia, G., Sandona, G.,Buso, A. andGiomo, M. (2005) Removal of vegetal tannins from wastewater by electroprecipitation combined with electrogenerated Fenton oxidation. J. Appl. Electrochem. 35, 369-374. 

Shadkami, F. Estevez, S. Helleur, R. 2009. Analysis of catechins and condensed tannins by thermally assisted hydrolysis/methylation-GC/MS and by a novel two step methylation. J. Anal. Appl. Pyrolysis 85 54-65. 

According to Noble and coworkers, seed tannins are perceived as rather bitter at low concentrations, but astringency takes over as the concentration increases (7,8). Otherwise, in apple ciders, hard tannin perception has been ascribed to bitterness (6). Nevertheless, in the Cabernet franc wines studied, low proanthocyanidin content appeared associated with soft tannins. Such discrepancy may be due to the particular composition of wine tannins, including prodelphinidins and various tannin-like structures e.g. oxidation products, ethyl-linked tannin polymers, anthocyanin-tannin adducts...), in addition to seed tannins. 

The small experimental reactor was able to clarify apple juice. However its life was severely limited when used for this purpose. Decline in activity probably resulted from precipitated solids clogging the reactive sites in the module or through nonspecific inactivation of the bound lyase by tannins in the circulating juice (199). 

The CCC separation of procyanidin oligomers from apple condensed tannin was performed using a type-J highspeed CCC centrifuge (Fig. 1). The apparatus holds a multilayer coiled separation column and counterweight symmetrically at a distance of 10 cm from the central axis of the centrifuge. The separation column is fabricated by... 

Several different types of active substances are found in the group of drugs for the treatment of diarrhoea. For Example pectins in apple, mucilage in marshmallow and tannins in tormentil. Peppermint and Asafoetida are considered to be effective in cases of irritable bowel syndrome. 

Acetyltannic Acid, Diacetyltannic acid tannyl acetate Acetannin Tannigen. Acetylation of tannin Ciusa, Sollazzo, Ann. Chim. Appl. 33, 72 0942) C.A. 38, 5794 (1944). 

Of the three isomers, catechol is the only member to occur naturally, namely in the leaves and branches of the oak and willow, in apples, onions, and crude sugar beet and in the tannin layer of mycorrhizas (ref.28). Its derivatives are widely distributed in higher plants. Hydroquinone occurs as the glucoside arbutin (4-hydroxyphenyl-D-glucopyranose) and resorcinol only in pyrolysis products in, for example, cigarette smoke. 

Sour apples contain. 5fo or more of malic acid while sweet apple juice contains but half this amount The chief constituents of apple and pear juices are sugar, tannin and malic acid. 

---