Apoptosis macrophages

The CaR regulates numerous biological processes, including the expression of various genes (e.g., PTH) the secretion of hormones (PTH and calcitonin), cytokines (MCP-1), and calcium (e.g., into breast milk) the activities of channels (potassium channels) and transporters (aquaporin-2) cellular shape, motility (of macrophages), and migration cellular adhesion (of hematopoietic stem cells) and cellular proliferation (of colonocytes), differentiation (of keratinocytes), and apoptosis (of H-500 ley dig cancer cells) [3]. 

Third, an accumulation of unintegrated HlV-1 cDNA can promote apoptosis under certain experimental conditions in vitro (Temin 1980 Li et al. 2001). It has been hypothesized that an INSTl could induce the destruction of long-lived, productively infected cells such as macrophages in vivo by accumulation of episomal HIV-1 cD-NAs following superinfection. 

Kanda H, Tateya S, Tamori Y, Kotani K, Hiasa K, Kitazawa R, Kitazawa S, Miyachi H, Maeda S, Egashira K, Kasuga M (2006) MCP-1 contributes to macrophage infiltration into adipose tissue, insulin resistance, and hepatic steatosis in obesity. J Qin Invest 116 1494-1505 Kaul M, Garden GA, Lipton SA (2001) Pathways to neuronal injury and apoptosis in HIV-associated dementia. Nature 410 988-994... 

During the early stages of HIV infection, macrophages play an important role in viral survival. Infected macrophages enable the virus to evade killing for a long duration of time (Garmer et al. 1986), as well as, induce activated T cell apoptosis... 

MaUk AA, Radhakiishnan N, Reddy K, Smith AD, Singhal PC (2002) Morphine-induced macrophage apoptosis modulates migration of macrophages use of in vitro model of urinary tract infection. J Endourol 16 605-610... 

A number of subtle dysfunctions occur at the cellular and molecular levels in the early stages of disease progression associated with the loss of cellular homeostatic functions of endothelial cells, smooth muscle cells and macrophages which constitute the major cell types in the atheroma environment. These events include the modification of the pattern of gene expression, cell proliferation and apoptosis. 

Palozza, R, Serini, S., Verdecchia, S. et al. 2007b. Redox regulation of 7-ketocholesterol-induced apoptosis by beta-carotene in human macrophages. Free Radio Biol Med 42 1579-1590. 

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