Apoptosis endoplasmic reticulum stress

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Sermon, T., Nadolski, M. and Liao, X. Atherogenic lipids and lipoproteins trigger CD36-TLR2-dependent apoptosis in macrophages undergoing endoplasmic reticulum stress. Cell Metah. 12, 467 82, 2010. 

Pedruzzi, E., C. Guichard, V. Ollivier et al. 2004. NAD(P)H oxidase Nox-4 mediates 7-keto-cholesterol-induced endoplasmic reticulum stress and apoptosis in human aortic smooth muscle cells. Mol Cell Biol 24 (24) 10703-17. 

Guo W, Wong S, Xie W, Lei T, Luo Z. Palmitate modulates intracellular signaling, induces endoplasmic reticulum stress, and causes apoptosis in mouse 3T3-L1 and rat primary preadipocytes. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2007, 293 E576-86. 

Wei Y, Wang D, Pagliassotti MJ. Saturated fatty acid-mediated endoplasmic reticulum stress and apoptosis are augmented by trans-10, cis- 12-conjugated linoleic acid in liver... 

Endoplasmic reticulum stress or unfolded protein response. A response to an accumulation of unfolded or misfolded proteins in the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum. The unfolded protein response (UPR) has two primary aims initially to restore normal function of the cell by halting protein translation and to activate the signaling pathways that lead to increasing the production of molecular chaperones involved in protein folding. If these objectives are not achieved within a certain time lapse or the disruption is prolonged, the UPR aims to apoptosis. 

Liu, H. and Beliga, R. (2005) Endoplasmic reticulum stress-associated caspase 12 mediates cisplatin-induced LLC-PKj cell apoptosis. J Am Soc Nephrol, 16, 1985-1992. 

Liu X, Xu K, Yan M, Wang Y, Zheng X (2010) Protective effects of galantamine against A(3-induced PC12 cell apoptosis by preventing mitochondrial dysfunction and endoplasmic reticulum stress. Neurochem Int 57 588-599... 

Wang, W.Y., Albert, C.J. and Ford, D.A. (2014) Alpha-chlorofatty acid accumulates in activated monocytes and causes apoptosis through reactive oxygen species production and endoplasmic reticulum stress. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vase. Biol. 34, 526-532. 

Figure 32-4 Sketch illustrating only a few of the many aspects of apoptosis in a mammalian cell. Emphasis here is on the death receptor pathways and cytochrome c-activated apoptosis. A third pathway is initiated by stress in endoplasmic reticulum membranes. In addition, attack by cytolytic T cells sometimes causes apoptosis by action of a granzyme on protein Bid or via a death receptor. Objects in scheme are not drawn to a single scale.

Mathai, J.P., Germain, M., and Shore, G. C., 2005, BH3-only BIK regulates BAX,BAK-dependent release of Ca2+ from endoplasmic reticulum stores and mitochondrial apoptosis during stress-induced cell death, J. Biol. Chem. 280, pp. 23829—23836... 

Additionally, apoptosis probably also plays a role in the AA-induced proximal tubular atrophy according to several in vivo and in vitro studies [66,68,70]. In an in vitro study conducted by Hsin et al [71], LLC-PKl cells exposed to AA showed a rapid increase in their intracellular calcium content leading to endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondrial stress which in turn causes activation of the caspase pathway and finally apoptosis. 

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