Project Apollo

Fig. 13.15. The sandwich design for a single cell in the Pratt and Whitney hydrogen-oxygen fuel cell (1965-1975, used in the Apollo project). (Reprinted from J. O M. Bockris and S. Srinivasan, Fuel Cells Their Electrochemistry, Fig. 23, copyright 1969. Reproduced with permission of the McGraw-Hill Companies.)...

Project Apollo achieved the national goal of landing Americans on the moon and returning them safely to earth. In addition, it carried out a program of scientific explorations of the moon and developed man s capability to work in the lunar environment. Apollo employed three-man crews and a three-part spacecraft. In the Apollo project, there were 11 flights, including six landings on the lunar surface. 

K. Han nig, H. Wirth, and E. Schoen,Apollo-Soyu Test Project Summay Science Peport, Vol. 1, NASA SP-412, Washington, D.C., 1977, p. 335. 

As the program becomes widely used, the ability to generate reports and data sheets for laboratory results will be a valuable addition. The added ability to remind the scientist about certain deadlines for a project may be easily included, but will not be useful until scientists use the Apollo computer regularly. 

The binscienccs research community is now embarked on a program whose boldness, even audacity, has prompted comparisons with such visionary efforts as the Apollo space program and the Manhattan project. That life scientists should conceive such an amhitious project is not remarkable what is surprising—at least at lirst blush—is that the project should trace its roots to the Department of Energy. 

What have the past Apollo adventure projects provided beyond adventure Scientists have skillfully studied weightlessness. Extensive space sickness studies have been carried out to keep the crew healthy. Yet, what benefits have come to the 6 billion people of the world on the ground After 40 years, is it time to examine the hard results ... 

Taylor GR. Medical microbiology analysis of US crewmembers. The Apollo-Soyuz Test Project Medical Report. NASA SP-411 1977 p 69-85. 

Project Gemini launched a capsule for two astronauts. Gemini s ten flights provided experiences with space walks, docking, weightless conditions, and spacecraft recovery that made the Apollo missions to the moon possible. 

Figure 6.2 (a) Assembly of alkaline fuel-cell modules for Project Apollo missions ... 

Anyone who has visited the Kennedy Space Center and seen the Vehicle Assembly Building (VAB)—originally built to process the Saturn V and currently used to assemble the Space Shuttle and its external tanks and solid rocket boosters—and the crawler-transporter— used to move the final assembled vehicle and mobile launch platform from the VAB to the launch pad—has an appreciation for the massive infrastructure requirements of a major space project. The ISS program has benefited substantially from the existence of the Apollo-era... 

Engineers at the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) had to overcome many technical challenges to meet President Kennedy s important goal. To do so, they carefully planned, designed, and tested many projects. Each project brought them one step closer to their goal, until they were finally successful. After Apollo 11, astronauts flew six more missions to the moon, returning home safely every time. 

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