Biogenic apatite

Kolodny, Y., Luz, B. and Navon, O. 1983 Oxygen isotope variations in phosphate of biogenic apatites, I. Fish bone apatite—rechecking the rules ofthe game. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 64 398 04. 

Reiche, I., Yignaud, C., Favre-Quattropani, L., and Menu, M. (2002b). Fluorine analysis in biogenic and geological apatite by analytical transmission electron microscopy and nuclear reaction analysis. Journal of Trace and Microprobe Techniques 20 211-231. 

Phosphate materials that may be analyzed are bone, dentine, enamel, fish scales and invertebrate shells. In contrast to bone and dentine, enamel is extremely dense, so it is least likely to be affected diageneticaUy and the prime candidate for paleoeviromnental reconstractions. Biogenic apatites contain besides the PO4 group CO3 that substitutes for PO " and OH as well as labile CO3 (Kohn and Cerling 2002), the latter is removed by pretreatment with a weak acid. The... 

Studies on mammals, invertebrates and fishes clearly indicate that the oxygen isotope composition of biogenic apatite varies systematically with the isotope composition of the body water that depends on local drinking water (Longinelli 1984 Luz et al. 1984 Luz and Kolodny 1985). For mammals, there is a constant offset between the 5 0 of body water and PO4 ( 18%c, Kohn and Cerling 2002) and between PO4 and CO3 components of bioapatite of 8%c (Bryant et al. 1996 lacumin et al. 1996). Studies by Luz et al. (1990), and Ayliffe and Chivas (1990) demonstrated that 5 0 of biogenic apatite can also depend on humidity and on diet. 

Kolodny Y, Luz B, Navon O (1983) Oxygen isotope variations in phosphate of biogenic apatites, 1, Eish bone apatite - rechecking the rules of the game. Earth Planet Sci Lett 64 393 04 Kolodny Y, Luz B, Sander M, Clemens WA (1996) Dinosaur bones fossils or pseudomorphs The pitfalls of physiology reconstruction from apatitic fossils, Palaeogeogr PalaeocUmatol Palaeoecol 126 161-171... 

Luz B, Kolodny Y (1985) Oxygen isotope variations in phosphate of biogenic apatites, IV Mammal teeth and bones. Earth Planet Sci Lett 75 29-36 Luz B, Kolodny Y, Horowitz M (1984) Fractionation of oxygen isotopes between mammalian bone-phosphate and environmental drinking water, Geochim Cosmochim Acta 48 1689-1693 Luz B, Cormie AB, Schwarcz HP (1990) Oxygen isotope variations in phosphate of deer bones, Geochim Cosmochim Acta 54 1723-1728... 

Newesely, H. Die mineralogisch-geochemische und die biogene Kristallisation des Apatits. Biomineralisation 2, 39-47 (1970). 

Note that fossils may contain several chemical components that allow measurement of multiple stable isotopes, e.g., H in apatite, C or N in collagen, C in carbonate, but these either are not preserved on timescales of interest to tectonics, or are usually investigated for biological or ecological reasons. Thus, we focus our discussion of stable isotopes in biogenic tissues on oxygen isotopes, with some additional consideration of carbon isotopes, when they help to interpret oxygen isotope trends. 

Luz B, Kolodny Y (1985) Oxygen isotope variations in phosphate of biogenic apatites, IV. Mammal teeth and bones. Earth Planet Sci Lett 75 29-36... 

Tribble J. S., Arvidson R. S., Lane M., Ill, and Mackenzie F. T. (1995) Crystal chemistry, and thermodynamic and kinetic properties of calcite, dolomite, apatite, and biogenic silica applications to petrologic problems. Sedim. Geol. 95, 11-37. 

Bright C. A., Lyons T. W., MacLeod K. G., Glascock M. D., Rexroad C. B., Brown L. M., and Ethington R. L. Arguments against preservation of primary seawater signals in the rare-earth element compositions of biogenic (conodont) apatite. J. Sedim. Res. (submitted). 

The Maastrichtian (latest Cretaceous) Israeli oil shales consist of four main groups of components organic matter biogenic calcite and apatite detrital clay minerals and quartz, with a little amount of authigenic pyrite and feldspar. The main chemical characteristics of the oil shales are reviewed,with an emphasis on those which may affect future utilization techniques. 

Since apatites serve as a row material for P fertilizer production, the impurities of heavy metals are the source of great pollution of agroecosystems. In general, the major phosphorite deposits are of marine origin and occur as sedimentary beds ranging from a few centimeters to tens of meters in thickness. The biogenic matter produced in water column settles to the sediment surface and decomposes, releasing P04- to the sea water and pore water. 

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