Antioxidant Properties of Chitosan

Serial No. CS derivatives Preparation method Advantage of modified chitin/CS Applications 

1 O and N carboxy methyl CS Reductive alkylation Direct alkylation Formation of an amphoteric polymer which extends the range of pH, enhancing CS solubility in different solvents Modified drug delivery pH responsive drug delivery DNA delivery Targeted drug delivery Permeation enhancer Cosmetics 

2 CS 6-O-sulfate Esterification using inorganic acids Polyampholite soluble in water Anticoagulant Haemagglutination inhibition activities Anti sclerotic Antiviral Antihuman immunodeficiency virus Antibacterial Antioxidant Enzyme inhibition activities 

4 Trimethylchitosan ammonium Quaternisation of CS with methyl iodide in sodium hydroxide under controlled conditions Water-soluble over all the practical pH range Used in the paper industry due to good flocculating properties 

5 Quaternised CS and N-alkyl CS Alkylation of CS followed by quaternisation Higher aqueous solubility in a much broader pH and concentration range DNA delivery 

---

Fras-Zemljic, L., Kokol, V., Cakara, D., 2011. Antimicrobial and antioxidant properties of chitosan-based viscose fibres enzymatically functionalized with fiavonoids. Textile Research Journal 81 (15), 1532—1540. 

Because it has a variety of biological activities such as antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, and immune-stimulating effects, chitosan offers a number of uses in food, cosmetic, biomedical, and pharmaceutical industries. In this section, the nutraceutical properties of chitosan and its derivatives are discussed. 

A number of studies have examined the antioxidant activities of chitosan from various sources. Park et al. (2004a) prepared three kinds of partially deacetylated hetero-chitosans such as 90% deacetylated, 75% deacetylated, and 50% deacetylated chitosan from crab chitin, and their antioxidant properties were measured using electron spin resonance spectrometry. Park and coworkers found that their antioxidant activities were dependent on the DD, and the 90% deacetylated chitosan showed the highest free radical scavenging activities. Yen et al. (2008) also found that a sample with more amino groups at the C-2 position showed the highest antioxidant activity. Tomida et al. (2009) examined the protective effects of seven different MW chitosans on plasma protein from oxidation by peroxyl radicals. In the ability to protect plasma protein from... 

Anraku, M., Fujii, T., Kono, T., Kojima, E., Hata, T., Tabuchi, N., Tsuchiya, D., Goromaru, T., Tsutsumi, H., Kadowaki, D., Maruyama, T., Otagiri, M., etal. (2011). Antioxidant properties of high molecular weight dietary chitosan in vitro and in vivo. Carbohydr. Polym. 83, 501-505. 

Mahae N, Chalat C, Muhamud P et al (2011) Antioxidant and antimicrobial properties of chitosan-sugar complex, hit Food Res J 18 1543-1551... 

Perdones, A., Vargas, M., Atares, L. Chiralt, A. (2014). Physical, antioxidant and antimicrobial properties of chitosan-cinnamon leaf oil films as affected by oleic acid. Food Hydrocolloids, 36, 256-64. 

Cytocompatibility of chitosan has been observed in-vitro with myocardial, endothelial and epithellial cells, fibroblast, hepatocytes, condrocytes and keratinocytes. As the DD of the polymer increases, the interactions between chitosan and the cells increase due to the presence of free amino groups, consequently, cell adhesion and proliferation, as well as cell type, depend on DD. Other biological properties, such as analgesic, antitumor, haemostatic, hypocholesterolemic, antimicrobial and antioxidant properties, are also affected by the physical properties of chitosan [41-43]. 

We considered it worthwhile to study the antioxidant properties of krill oil, aspirin and chitosan as a built-in defense mechanism for the in-vitro generated free radical production and counter reaction of the antioxidant defense of the chitosan, krill oil and aspirin. 

For instance, one of the most important directions in the prospective development of DNA biosensors successfully applicable in practice can be seen in the investigation of protective membranes, which prevent the biosensor surface from unwanted fouling and interferences. One such an example is shown in our paper [47] where novel electrochemical DNA-based biosensors with outer-sphere Nafion and chitosan protective membranes were prepared for the evaluation of antioxidant properties of beverages (beer, coffee, and black tea) against prooxidant hydroxyl radicals. 

In cosmetics, packaging materials, and pharmaceutical industries, these nanoparticies play a major role because of their antimicrobial and antioxidant properties. The chitosan loaded pol5mier were widely used in biotechnologies. These pol5miers were mixed with... 

We demonstrated that a naturally derived polysaccharide, chitosan, is capable of forming composite nanoparticles with silica. For encapsulated particles, we used silicification and biosilicification to encapsulate curcumin and analyzed the physicochemical properties of curcumin nanoparticles. It proved that encapsulated curcumin nanoparticles enhanced stability toward ultraviolet (UV) irradiation, antioxidation and antitumor activity, enhanced/added function, solubility, bioactivities/ bioavailability, and control release and overcame the immunobarrier. We present an in vitro study that examined the cytotoxicity of amorphous and composite silica nanoparticles to different cell lines. These bioactives include curcumin mdAntrodia cinnamomea. It is hoped that by examining the response of multiple cell lines to silica nanoparticles more basic information regarding the cytotoxicity as well as potential functions of silica in future oncological applications could become available. 

---